1,669
views
0
recommends
+1 Recommend
1 collections
    4
    shares

      Celebrating 65 years of The Computer Journal - free-to-read perspectives - bcs.org/tcj65

      scite_
       
      • Record: found
      • Abstract: found
      • Conference Proceedings: found
      Is Open Access

      Gaming the System: Practices against the algorithmic makeover of everyday life

      proceedings-article
      1
      Politics of the Machines - Art and After (EVA Copenhagen)
      Digital arts and culture
      15 - 17 May 2018
      Algorithms, Appropriation, Education, ITS, Learning, Media, Play, Politics, Software, Subversion
      Bookmark

            Abstract

            The introduction of technical, algorithmically-controlled interactive medial systems into virtually all contexts of everyday life is a relatively recent phenomenon. Implications, for instance, for social and political contexts are still emerging. One probably unexpected but certainly unintended effect is the emergence of gaming the system behaviours. Gaming is seen here as participants taking advantage of systems by interacting with them in unintended ways to gain unjustified benefits. These behaviours are regularly seen as problematic, and measures to prevent or to detect and to react to them are discussed in the academic discourse. This study aims to establish characteristics, practices and causes of such behaviours, exemplatory in the area of interactive, educational tutoring systems. The study is informed by positions from Game Studies, Cognitive Evaluation Theory (CET; Deci, Ryan) and the (post-) phenomenological discourse on the intentionality of non-human actors. It finds that users feel disenfranchised rather than empowered by the intentionality embodied in algorithmic systems; that those systems afford play; and that gaming behaviour can be read as defensive and evasive, rather than aggressive and criminal.

            Content

            Author and article information

            Contributors
            Conference
            May 2018
            May 2018
            : 1-8
            Affiliations
            [1 ] IT-University

            Copenhagen
            Article
            10.14236/ewic/EVAC18.43
            38266807-b97c-4c5a-9234-ee474596c79f
            © Cermak-Sassenrath. Published by BCS Learning and Development Ltd. Proceedings of EVA Copenhagen 2018, Denmark

            This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

            Politics of the Machines - Art and After
            EVA Copenhagen
            7
            Aalborg University, Copenhagen, Denmark
            15 - 17 May 2018
            Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)
            Digital arts and culture
            History
            Product

            1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

            Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/EVAC18.43
            Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/
            Categories
            Electronic Workshops in Computing

            Applied computer science,Computer science,Security & Cryptology,Graphics & Multimedia design,General computer science,Human-computer-interaction
            Algorithms,Appropriation,Education,ITS,Learning,Media,Play,Politics,Software,Subversion

            References

            1. 2007 Is gaming the system state-or-trait? Educational data mining through the multi-contextual application of a validated behavioral model Complete On-Line Proceedings of the Workshop on Data Mining for User Modeling at the 11th International Conference on User Modeling 2007 2007 76 80

            2. 2009 Educational software features that encourage and discourage 'gaming the system' Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education 2009 475 82

            3. 2004 Detecting student misuse of intelligent tutoring systems Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proc. 7th Int. Conf., ITS 2004 2004 531 40

            4. 2006b Generalizing Detection of Gaming the System Across a Tutoring Curriculum Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings 8th International Conference ITS 2006 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4053 Springer Berlin 402 11

            5. 2006a Adapting to When Students Game an Intelligent Tutoring System Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings 8th International Conference ITS 2006Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4053 Springer Berlin 392 401

            6. 2004 Off-task behavior in the cognitive tutor classroom: When students 'game the system' CHI Letters 6 1 383 90

            7. 2010 Detecting Gaming the System in Constraint- Based Tutors. Chapter and User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization. Proc. 18th Int. Conf. UMAP 2010 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 6075 Springer Berlin 267 78

            8. 2005 Do performance goals lead students to game the system? Proceedings of the 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education Amsterdam, 2010 57

            9. 2011 Gaming the system Int. J. Critical Accounting 3 1 5 17

            10. August 2006 What’s measured is what matters: Targets and gaming in the English public health care system Public Administration 84 3 517 38

            11. 2010 The Logic of Play in Everyday Human-Computer Interaction Logic and Structure of the Computer Game Potsdam University Pr. Potsdam 80 103

            12. 2006 Design and evaluation of an adaptive incentive mechanism for sustained educational online communities User Model User-Adap Inter 16 321 48

            13. 2001 Extrinsic rewards and intrinsic motivation in education: Reconsidered once again Rev. Educ. Res 71 1 27

            14. 2010 Are your participants gaming the system? Screening mechanical turk workers Proc. CHI 2010 2399 402

            15. 2002 Accountability, Ability and Disability: Gaming the System? National Bureau Of Economic Research, working paper 9307 www.nber.org/papers/w9307 October 2002

            16. March 1991 Gaming the system. Dodging the rules, ruling the dodgers Arch Intern Med 151 443 7

            17. 2015 Assessing the effects of gamification in the classroom: A longitudinal study on intrinsic motivation, social comparison, satisfaction, effort, and academic performance Computers & Education 80 152 61

            18. 2016 Gamification for health and wellbeing: A systematic review of the literature Internet Interventions 89 106 pre- print manuscript accepted for publication

            19. 2011 Half-Real. Video Games Between Real Rules and Fictional Worlds MIT Pr. Cambridge

            20. 2004 Goal achievement orientation in the design of an ILE Proceedings of the ITS2004 Workshop on Social and Emotional Intelligence in Learning Environments 72 8

            21. 2002 A la recherche du temps perdu, or As time goes by: Where does the time go in a reading tutor that listens? Sixth International Conference on Intelligent Tutoring Systems 320 9

            22. 2005 Effects of dissuading unnecessary help requests while providing proactive help Proc. 12th International Conference on Artificial Intelligence in Education 887 9

            23. 1999 Normal Accidents – Living with High-Risk Technologies Princeton Univ. Pr. Princeton 4th ed

            24. 2017 How gamification motivates: An experimental study of the effects of specific game design elements on psychological need satisfaction Computers in Human Behavior 69 371 80

            25. 2004 Rules of Play. Game Design Fundamentals MIT Pr. Cambridge

            26. 2005 What Things Do. Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design Talk slides ITU Copenhagen, DK

            27. 2010 What Things Do. Philosophical Reflections on Technology, Agency, and Design. Summary http://www.realtechsupport. org/UB/WBR/texts/markups/Veerbeck_WhatThings Do_2010_markup.pdf 29 May 2018

            28. 2006 Detection and Analysis of Off-Task Gaming Behavior in Intelligent Tutoring Systems Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Proceedings 8th International Conference ITS 2006 Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4053 Springer Berlin 382 91

            Comments

            Comment on this article