Using Behavioural Information to Help Owners Gather Requirements from their Dogs’ Responses to Media Technology

The study of non-human animals’ interactions with technology is referred to as Animal- Computer Interaction (ACI). Data gathering with these non- human animal users typically relies on the owner as a proxy to gather requirements and feedback from the animal’s behavioural reactions. These owners, however, may provide poor information, as they are habitually not knowledgeable in animal behaviour. To improve data gathering in Dog-Computer Interaction (DCI) research, we present a Dog Information Sheet (DISH) for owners which contains known dog physical behaviours and their potential cognitive reactions. This is used to create a more informed dog owner observer in order to improve feedback in ACI. DISH’s effect on owner evaluations is assessed by gauging their own dog’s behavioural reactions to persuasively designed media. The findings established that when using DISH, owners were better at identifying both the behaviour perceived and at reasoning behind their dogs’ reactions. However, owners using the DISH were unable to recognize the different dogs’ behavioral states unless they considered themselves experts at dog behaviour. Whilst this research is centred on collecting data on dogs to improve User Experience (UX) in a Dog-Computer Interaction (DCI) context, the method presented behind the DISH can be applied to both ACI and Human - Computer Interaction (HCI) field to help interpret behaviours during requirement gathering and evaluative practices for non-vocal and limited cognitive users.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

I Hirskyj-Douglas

J C Read

Conference

Publication date: July 2016

Publication date (Print): July 2016

Pages: 1-13

Affiliations

[0001]University of Central Lancashire

Fylde Road, Preston, Lancashire, England

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2016.42

SO-VID: 75b53971-6c8f-4473-b28f-340748af7db4

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of the 30th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI

Conference number: 30

Conference location: Bournemouth University, Poole, UK

Conference date: 11 - 15 July 2016

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Fusion

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2016.42

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

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D J. AndersonR Adolphs 2014 A Framework for Studying Emotions across Species. Cell 157 1 187 200 ISSN 0092-8674
S. BaskinS. Anavi-GofferZamansky 2015 A. Digital Game Design for Canines: Getting to Know Your User. ACI. BCS
S. BaskinS. Anavi-GofferA. Zamansky 2015 Serious Games: Is Your User Playing or Hunting?. In Entertainment Computing-ICEC 2015 475 481 Springer International Publishing
T. BloomH. Friedman 2013 Classifying dogs’ (Canis familiaris) facial expressions from photographs. Behavioral processes 96 1 10
E. F. Briefer 2012 Vocal expression of emotions in mammals: mechanisms of production and evidence. Journal of Zoology 288 1 1 20
M. BurkhardM. Koch 2012 Evaluating Touchscreen Interfaces of Tablet Computers for Elderly People. In Mensch & Computer Workshopband 53 59
M. CarterS. WebberS. Sherwen 2015 Naturalism and ACI: Augmenting Zoo Enclosures with Digital Technology. Second International Conference on Animal Computer Interaction
J. Cassell 2007 Body language: Lessons from the near-human. Genesis Redux 346 374
CleverPet 2016 CleverPet: Engage Idle Paws [online] Available at https://clever.pet/ 21 May 2016
S. Coren 2016 Which Emotions do Dogs Actually Experience? Modern Dog Magazine Available at http://moderndogmagazine.com/articles/which- emotions-do-dogs-actually-experience/32883
S. Coren 2015 Do Dogs Understand What They Are Seeing on Television? Psychology Today
J. Cottingham 1978 Descartes’ Treatment of Animals. Philosophy 53 55
M. D. CrutcherR. Calhoun-HaneyC. M. ManzanaresJ. J. LahA. I. LeveyS. M. Zola 2009 Eye tracking during a visual paired comparison task as a predictor of early dementia. American journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias
C. Darwin 1872 The expressions of the emotions in man and animals
M. S. Dawkins 2004 Using behaviour to assess animal welfare. Animal welfare Chicago 13 S3 S8
Dogtv 2016 DOGTV HOME [online] Available at http://dogtv.com/ 21 May 2016
J. Drummond 2004 ‘Cognitive impenetrability’ and the complex intentionality of the emotions. Journal of Consciousness Studies 11 10-11 109 126
A. GeurtsenM. H. LamersM. J Schaaf 2015 Interactive Digital Gameplay Can Lower Stress Hormone Levels in Home Alone Dogs—A Case for Animal Welfare Informatics. In Entertainment Computing-ICEC 2015 238 251 Springer International Publishing
D. Haraway 2010 When species meet: Staying with the trouble. Environment and planning. D, Society and space 28 1 53
I. Hirskyj-DouglasC. Read 2014 October Is My Dog Watching TV? In Animal Computer Interaction. NordiCHI’14
I. Hirskyj-DouglasJ.C. Read 2014 Who is really in the center of dog computer interaction? First International Animal Computing Congress ACE
I Hirskyj-DouglasJ.C. Read 2014 Who is really in the center of Dog Computer Interaction? Advance Computer Entertainment (ACE)’14. ACM. Madeira
I. Hirskyj-DouglasJ.C. ReadD. Fitton 2013 Animal Computer Interaction (ACI) Investigation on canine audio and visual attentiveness while interacting with video stimulus in a Human Computer Interaction (HCI) framework. Thesis
R. J. JacobK. S. Karn 2003 Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. Mind 2 3 4
B. JonesL. Ficklin 2012 To walk in their shoes: Recognising the expression of empathy as a research reality. Emotion, Space and Society 5 2 103 112
M. JongP. J. Schellens 2000 Toward a document evaluation methodology: what does research tell us about the validity and reliability of evaluation methods? IEEE Transactions on professional communication 43 3 242 260
A. LambieA. StorkJ. Long 1998 The Coordination Mechanism and Cooperative Work. Proc. of the 9th ECCE
S. LawsonB. KirmanC. LinehanT. FeltwellL. Hopkins 2015 April Problematising upstream technology through speculative design: the case of quantified cats and dogs. In ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems (CHI) Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)
M. C. LeachK. KlausA. L. MillerM. S. Di PerrotoloS. G. SotocinalP. A. Flecknell 2012 The assessment of post-vasectomy pain in mice using behaviour and the Mouse Grimace Scale. PloS one 7 4 e35656
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S. NorthC. HallA. L. RoshierC. Mancini 2015 July HABIT: Horse Automated Behaviour Identification Tool: a position paper ACI. BCS
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B. S. PerlaC. N. Slobodchikoff 2002 Habitat structure and alarm call dialects in Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) Behavioral Ecology 13 6 844 850
P. PonsJ. JaenA. Catala 2015 Envisioning future playful interactive environments for animals More Playful User Interfaces 121 150 Springer Singapore
P PonsJ JavierC. Alejandro 2014 Animal ludens: building intelligent playful environments for animals Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference ACM 2014
A. PooleL. J. Ball 2006 Eye tracking in HCI and usability research Encyclopedia of human computer interaction 1 211 219
J. C. ReadS. J. MacFarlaneC. Casey 2002 August Endurability, engagement and expectations: Measuring children’s fun Interaction design and children 2 1 23 Eindhoven Shaker Publishing
B. I. Resner 2001 Rover@ Home: Computer mediated remote interaction between humans and dogs (Doctoral dissertation Massachusetts Institute of Technology
C. L. RobinsonC. ManciniJ. van der LindenC. GuestR. Harris 2014 April Canine-centered interface design: supporting the work of diabetes alert dogs Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ACM 3757 3766
RSPCA 2015 Understanding dog behaviour http://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/behavior
A. Schmidt 2000 Implicit human computer interaction through context Personal technologies 4 2-3
C. SchwabL. Huber 2006 Obey or not obey? TaylDogs (Canis familiaris behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners Journal of Comparative Psychology 120 3 169
S. SomppiH. TörnqvistL. HänninenC. KrauseO. Vainio 2012 Dogs do look at images: eye tracking in canine cognition research Animal cognition 15 2 163 174
Matsumi Suzuki 2004 Apparatus for determining dog’s emotions by vocal analysis of barking sounds and method for the same U.S. Patent No. 6,761,131
A. M. TaylorV. F. RatcliffeK. McCombD. Reby 2014 Auditory Communication in Domestic Dogs: Vocal Signalling in the Extended Social Environment of a Companion Animal The Social Dog: Behaviour and Cognition 131
J. TopálM. Gácsi 2012 Lessons we should learn from our unique relationship with dogs: an ethological approach Cross-ing Boundaries: Creating Knowledge about Ourselves with Other Animals 163 188
E. VaschilloB. VaschilloP. Lehrer 2004 Heartbeat synchronizes with respiratory rhythm only under specific circumstances Chest Journal 126 4 1385 1387
H. VäätäjäE. Pesonen 2013 Ethical Issues and Guidelines when Conducting HCI Studies with Animals CHI’13 ExtendedAbstracts
D.L. WellsL. GrahamHepper 2002 The influence of auditory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter Animal Welfare 11 4 285 393
M. WesterlakenS. Gualeni 2013 September Digitally complemented zoomorphism: a theoretical foundation for human-animal interaction design Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces ACM 193 200
F. J. WilliamsD. S. MillsK. Guo 2011 Development of a head-mounted, eye-tracking system for dogs Journal of neuroscience methods 194 2 259 265

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] N. AlbuquerqueK. GuoA. WilkinsonC. SavalliE. OttaD. Mills 2016 Dogs recognize dog and human emotions. Biology letters 12 1 20150883

[2] D J. AndersonR Adolphs 2014 A Framework for Studying Emotions across Species. Cell 157 1 187 200 ISSN 0092-8674

[3] S. BaskinS. Anavi-GofferZamansky 2015 A. Digital Game Design for Canines: Getting to Know Your User. ACI. BCS

[4] S. BaskinS. Anavi-GofferA. Zamansky 2015 Serious Games: Is Your User Playing or Hunting?. In Entertainment Computing-ICEC 2015 475 481 Springer International Publishing

[5] T. BloomH. Friedman 2013 Classifying dogs’ (Canis familiaris) facial expressions from photographs. Behavioral processes 96 1 10

[6] E. F. Briefer 2012 Vocal expression of emotions in mammals: mechanisms of production and evidence. Journal of Zoology 288 1 1 20

[7] M. BurkhardM. Koch 2012 Evaluating Touchscreen Interfaces of Tablet Computers for Elderly People. In Mensch & Computer Workshopband 53 59

[8] M. CarterS. WebberS. Sherwen 2015 Naturalism and ACI: Augmenting Zoo Enclosures with Digital Technology. Second International Conference on Animal Computer Interaction

[9] J. Cassell 2007 Body language: Lessons from the near-human. Genesis Redux 346 374

[10] CleverPet 2016 CleverPet: Engage Idle Paws [online] Available at https://clever.pet/ 21 May 2016

[11] S. Coren 2016 Which Emotions do Dogs Actually Experience? Modern Dog Magazine Available at http://moderndogmagazine.com/articles/which- emotions-do-dogs-actually-experience/32883

[12] S. Coren 2015 Do Dogs Understand What They Are Seeing on Television? Psychology Today

[13] J. Cottingham 1978 Descartes’ Treatment of Animals. Philosophy 53 55

[14] M. D. CrutcherR. Calhoun-HaneyC. M. ManzanaresJ. J. LahA. I. LeveyS. M. Zola 2009 Eye tracking during a visual paired comparison task as a predictor of early dementia. American journal of Alzheimer’s disease and other dementias

[15] C. Darwin 1872 The expressions of the emotions in man and animals

[16] M. S. Dawkins 2004 Using behaviour to assess animal welfare. Animal welfare Chicago 13 S3 S8

[17] Dogtv 2016 DOGTV HOME [online] Available at http://dogtv.com/ 21 May 2016

[18] J. Drummond 2004 ‘Cognitive impenetrability’ and the complex intentionality of the emotions. Journal of Consciousness Studies 11 10-11 109 126

[19] A. GeurtsenM. H. LamersM. J Schaaf 2015 Interactive Digital Gameplay Can Lower Stress Hormone Levels in Home Alone Dogs—A Case for Animal Welfare Informatics. In Entertainment Computing-ICEC 2015 238 251 Springer International Publishing

[20] D. Haraway 2010 When species meet: Staying with the trouble. Environment and planning. D, Society and space 28 1 53

[21] I. Hirskyj-DouglasC. Read 2014 October Is My Dog Watching TV? In Animal Computer Interaction. NordiCHI’14

[22] I. Hirskyj-DouglasJ.C. Read 2014 Who is really in the center of dog computer interaction? First International Animal Computing Congress ACE

[23] I Hirskyj-DouglasJ.C. Read 2014 Who is really in the center of Dog Computer Interaction? Advance Computer Entertainment (ACE)’14. ACM. Madeira

[24] I. Hirskyj-DouglasJ.C. ReadD. Fitton 2013 Animal Computer Interaction (ACI) Investigation on canine audio and visual attentiveness while interacting with video stimulus in a Human Computer Interaction (HCI) framework. Thesis

[25] R. J. JacobK. S. Karn 2003 Eye tracking in human-computer interaction and usability research: Ready to deliver the promises. Mind 2 3 4

[26] B. JonesL. Ficklin 2012 To walk in their shoes: Recognising the expression of empathy as a research reality. Emotion, Space and Society 5 2 103 112

[27] M. JongP. J. Schellens 2000 Toward a document evaluation methodology: what does research tell us about the validity and reliability of evaluation methods? IEEE Transactions on professional communication 43 3 242 260

[28] A. LambieA. StorkJ. Long 1998 The Coordination Mechanism and Cooperative Work. Proc. of the 9th ECCE

[29] S. LawsonB. KirmanC. LinehanT. FeltwellL. Hopkins 2015 April Problematising upstream technology through speculative design: the case of quantified cats and dogs. In ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computer Systems (CHI) Association for Computing Machinery (ACM)

[30] M. C. LeachK. KlausA. L. MillerM. S. Di PerrotoloS. G. SotocinalP. A. Flecknell 2012 The assessment of post-vasectomy pain in mice using behaviour and the Mouse Grimace Scale. PloS one 7 4 e35656

[31] G. LemassonD. DuhautS. Petsy 2015 Dog: Can You Feel It? ACI. BHCI. British Human Computer Interaction 2015

[32] C. ManciniO. JuhlinA. D. CheockJ. van der LindenS. Lawson 2014 October Animalcomputer interaction (ACI) pushing boundaries beyond’human’. In Proceedings of the 8th Nordic Conference on Human-Computer Interaction: Fun, Fast, Foundational.ACM 833 836

[33] Á. Miklósi 2014 Dog behaviour, evolution, and cognition OUP Oxford

[34] E. MikotajewskaD. Mikołajewski 2012 Neuroprostheses for increasing disabled patients’ mobility and control Adv Clin Exp Med 21 2 263 272

[35] E. M. MintlineM. StewartA. R. RogersN.R. CoxG. A. VerkerkJ. M. StookeyC. B. Tucker 2013 Play behaviour as an indicator of animal welfare: Disbudding in dairy calves. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 144 1 22 30

[36] A. MitsuiJ. HamuroH. NakamuraN. KondoY. HirabayashiS. Ishizaki-KoizumiJ. Yodoi 2002 Overexpression of human thioredoxin in transgenic mice controls oxidative stress and life span Antioxidants and Redox Signaling 4 4 693 696

[37] National Library of Medicine 2016 Emotions and Disease: Frontiers of the Mind [online] Available at https://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/emotions/frontiers.html 21 May 2016

[38] S. NorthC. HallA. L. RoshierC. Mancini 2015 July HABIT: Horse Automated Behaviour Identification Tool: a position paper ACI. BCS

[39] Petcube 2016 Petcube – Interactive wireless pet camera [online] Available at http://petcube.com 21 May 2016

[40] B. S. PerlaC. N. Slobodchikoff 2002 Habitat structure and alarm call dialects in Gunnison’s prairie dog (Cynomys gunnisoni) Behavioral Ecology 13 6 844 850

[41] P. PonsJ. JaenA. Catala 2015 Envisioning future playful interactive environments for animals More Playful User Interfaces 121 150 Springer Singapore

[42] P PonsJ JavierC. Alejandro 2014 Animal ludens: building intelligent playful environments for animals Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference ACM 2014

[43] A. PooleL. J. Ball 2006 Eye tracking in HCI and usability research Encyclopedia of human computer interaction 1 211 219

[44] J. C. ReadS. J. MacFarlaneC. Casey 2002 August Endurability, engagement and expectations: Measuring children’s fun Interaction design and children 2 1 23 Eindhoven Shaker Publishing

[45] B. I. Resner 2001 Rover@ Home: Computer mediated remote interaction between humans and dogs (Doctoral dissertation Massachusetts Institute of Technology

[46] C. L. RobinsonC. ManciniJ. van der LindenC. GuestR. Harris 2014 April Canine-centered interface design: supporting the work of diabetes alert dogs Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems ACM 3757 3766

[47] RSPCA 2015 Understanding dog behaviour http://www.rspca.org.uk/adviceandwelfare/pets/dogs/behavior

[48] A. Schmidt 2000 Implicit human computer interaction through context Personal technologies 4 2-3

[49] C. SchwabL. Huber 2006 Obey or not obey? TaylDogs (Canis familiaris behave differently in response to attentional states of their owners Journal of Comparative Psychology 120 3 169

[50] S. SomppiH. TörnqvistL. HänninenC. KrauseO. Vainio 2012 Dogs do look at images: eye tracking in canine cognition research Animal cognition 15 2 163 174

[51] Matsumi Suzuki 2004 Apparatus for determining dog’s emotions by vocal analysis of barking sounds and method for the same U.S. Patent No. 6,761,131

[52] A. M. TaylorV. F. RatcliffeK. McCombD. Reby 2014 Auditory Communication in Domestic Dogs: Vocal Signalling in the Extended Social Environment of a Companion Animal The Social Dog: Behaviour and Cognition 131

[53] J. TopálM. Gácsi 2012 Lessons we should learn from our unique relationship with dogs: an ethological approach Cross-ing Boundaries: Creating Knowledge about Ourselves with Other Animals 163 188

[54] E. VaschilloB. VaschilloP. Lehrer 2004 Heartbeat synchronizes with respiratory rhythm only under specific circumstances Chest Journal 126 4 1385 1387

[55] H. VäätäjäE. Pesonen 2013 Ethical Issues and Guidelines when Conducting HCI Studies with Animals CHI’13 ExtendedAbstracts

[56] D.L. WellsL. GrahamHepper 2002 The influence of auditory stimulation on the behaviour of dogs housed in a rescue shelter Animal Welfare 11 4 285 393

[57] M. WesterlakenS. Gualeni 2013 September Digitally complemented zoomorphism: a theoretical foundation for human-animal interaction design Proceedings of the 6th International Conference on Designing Pleasurable Products and Interfaces ACM 193 200

[58] F. J. WilliamsD. S. MillsK. Guo 2011 Development of a head-mounted, eye-tracking system for dogs Journal of neuroscience methods 194 2 259 265

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