Designing Mobile Friendly CAPTCHAs: An Exploratory Study

CAPTCHAs (Completely Automated Public Turing Test to Tell Computers and Humans Apart) are one of the most widely used authentication mechanisms that help to prevent online service abuse. With the advent of mobile computing, mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets have be-come the primary way people access the Internet. As a result, increasing attention has been paid to designing CAPTCHAs that are mobile friendly. Although such CAPTCHAs generally show their ad-vantages over traditional ones, it is still unclear what the best practices are for designing a CAPTCHA scheme that is easy to use on mobile devices. In this paper, we present an exploratory study that focuses on developing a more holistic view of usability issues with interactive CAP-TCHAs to inform design guidance. This is done through investigating the usability performance of seven mobile friendly CAPTCHA schemes representing five different CAPTCHA types.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Nan Jiang

Huseyin Dogan

Feng Tian

Conference

Publication date: July 2017

Publication date (Print): July 2017

Pages: 1-7

Affiliations

[0001]Bournemouth University

Fern Barrow, Poole, BH12 5BB

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2017.92

SO-VID: 414baa8e-97df-49ab-a6b2-f0386ab65ccf

Copyright statement: © Jiang et al. Published by BCS Learning and Development Ltd. Proceedings of British HCI 2017 – Digital Make-Believe. Sunderland, UK.

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of the 31st International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference (HCI 2017)

Conference acronym: HCI

Conference number: 31

Conference location: Sunderland, UK

Conference date: 3 - 6 July 2017

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: digital make-believe, with delegates considering our expansive

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Product Information: 1477-9358BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2017.92

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

reference

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A. BangorP. KortumJ. Miller Determining what individual SUS scores mean: Adding an adjective rating scale Journal of usability studies 4 3 114 123 2009
E. BurszteinA. MoscickiC. FabryS. BethardJ.C. MitchellD. Jurafsky 2014 Easy does it: more usable CAPTCHAs In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems Toronto, Canada 26 April 2014 2637 2646 ACM New York
J. Brooke SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale P.W.B. ThomasB.A. WeerdmeesterA.L. McClelland Usability Evaluation in Industry 189 194 Taylor & Francis, London, UK 1996
S. K. ChaudhariA. R. DeshpandeS. B. BendaleR. V. Kotian 3D drag-n-drop CAPTCHA enhanced security through CAPTCHA Proceedings of the International Conference & Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology 598 601 ACM 2011
K. ChellapillaK. LarsonP. SimardM. Czerwinski Designing Human Friendly Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems 711 720 ACM New York 2005
R. ChowP. GolleM. JakobssonL. WangX. Wang Making captchas clickable Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Mobile computing systems and applications 91 94 ACM New York 2008
comScore 2015 U.S. Digital Future in Focus https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2015/2015-US-Digital-Future-in-Focus
M. ContiC. GuariscoR. Spolaor CAPTCHaS-tar! A novel CAPTCHA based on interactive shape discovery International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security 611 628 Springer International Publishing 2016
D. D'SouzaP. C. PolinaR. V. Yampolskiy Avatar captcha: Telling computers and hu-mans apart via face classification 2012 IEEE International Conference on Elec-tro/Information Technology (EIT) 1 6 IEEE 2012
A. DesaiP. Patadia Drag and drop: A better approach to CAPTCHA 2009 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON) 1 4 IEEE 2009
H. GaoD. YaoH. LiuX. LiuL. Wang A novel image based CAPTCHA using jig-saw puzzle 2010 IEEE 13th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) 351 356 IEEE 2010
R. GossweilerM. KamvarS. Baluja What's up CAPTCHA?: a CAPTCHA based on image orientation Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on World wide web 841 850 ACM 2009
N. JiangF. Tian A novel gesture-based CAPTCHA design for smart devices Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference 49 British Computer Society 2013
N. JiangH. Dogan A gesture-based captcha design supporting mobile devices Proceedings of the 2015 British HCI Conference 202 207 ACM New York 2015
S. KalsoomS. ZiauddinA. R. Abbasi An image-based CAPTCHA scheme exploiting human appearance characteristics TIIS 6 2 734 750 2012
J. KimS. KimJ. YangJ. H. RyuK. Wohn FaceCAPTCHA: a CAPTCHA that identifies the gender of face images unrecognized by existing gender classifiers Multimedia tools and applications 72 2 1215 1237 2014
J. W. KimW. K. ChungH. G. Cho A new image-based CAPTCHA using the orientation of the polygonally cropped sub-images The Visual Computer 26 6 1135 1143 2010
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R. LinS. Y. HuangG. B. BellY. K. Lee A new CAPTCHA interface design for mobile devices Proceedings of the Twelfth Australasian User Interface Conference 117 3 8 Australian Computer Society, Inc 2011
J. Nielsen Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 152 158 ACM 1994
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Y. TsurutaM. TakayaA. Yamamura CAPTCHA suitable for smartphones Information and Communication Technology - EurAsia Conference Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2013
D. VogelP. Baudisch Shift: a technique for operating pen-based interfaces using touch Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems 657 666 ACM 2007
L. Von AhnM. BlumJ. Langford Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically Communications of the ACM 47 2 56 60 2004
A. J. WismerK. C. MadathilR. KoikkaraK. A. JuangJ. S. Greenstein Evaluating the usability of CAPTCHAs on a mobile device with voice and touch input Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 56 1 1228 1232 Sage CA Los Angeles, CA 2012
J. YanA. S El Ahmad 2008 Usability of CAP-TCHAs or usability issues in CAPTCHA design In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security Pittsburgh, PA July 2008 44 52 ACM New York
Q. B. YeT. E. WeiA. B. JengH. M. LeeK. P. Wu DDIM-CAPTCHA: A Novel Drag-n-Drop Interactive Masking CAPTCHA against the Third Party Human Attacks 2013 Conference on Technologies and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (TAAI) 158 163 IEEE 2013

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] M. T. BandayN. A. Shah Image flip CAPTCHA The ISC International Journal of In-formation Security 1 2 2015

[2] A. BangorP. KortumJ. Miller Determining what individual SUS scores mean: Adding an adjective rating scale Journal of usability studies 4 3 114 123 2009

[3] E. BurszteinA. MoscickiC. FabryS. BethardJ.C. MitchellD. Jurafsky 2014 Easy does it: more usable CAPTCHAs In Proceedings of the 32nd annual ACM conference on Human factors in computing systems Toronto, Canada 26 April 2014 2637 2646 ACM New York

[4] J. Brooke SUS - A quick and dirty usability scale P.W.B. ThomasB.A. WeerdmeesterA.L. McClelland Usability Evaluation in Industry 189 194 Taylor & Francis, London, UK 1996

[5] S. K. ChaudhariA. R. DeshpandeS. B. BendaleR. V. Kotian 3D drag-n-drop CAPTCHA enhanced security through CAPTCHA Proceedings of the International Conference & Workshop on Emerging Trends in Technology 598 601 ACM 2011

[6] K. ChellapillaK. LarsonP. SimardM. Czerwinski Designing Human Friendly Human Interaction Proofs (HIPs) Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems 711 720 ACM New York 2005

[7] R. ChowP. GolleM. JakobssonL. WangX. Wang Making captchas clickable Proceedings of the 9th workshop on Mobile computing systems and applications 91 94 ACM New York 2008

[8] comScore 2015 U.S. Digital Future in Focus https://www.comscore.com/Insights/Presentations-and-Whitepapers/2015/2015-US-Digital-Future-in-Focus

[9] M. ContiC. GuariscoR. Spolaor CAPTCHaS-tar! A novel CAPTCHA based on interactive shape discovery International Conference on Applied Cryptography and Network Security 611 628 Springer International Publishing 2016

[10] D. D'SouzaP. C. PolinaR. V. Yampolskiy Avatar captcha: Telling computers and hu-mans apart via face classification 2012 IEEE International Conference on Elec-tro/Information Technology (EIT) 1 6 IEEE 2012

[11] A. DesaiP. Patadia Drag and drop: A better approach to CAPTCHA 2009 Annual IEEE India Conference (INDICON) 1 4 IEEE 2009

[12] H. GaoD. YaoH. LiuX. LiuL. Wang A novel image based CAPTCHA using jig-saw puzzle 2010 IEEE 13th International Conference on Computational Science and Engineering (CSE) 351 356 IEEE 2010

[13] R. GossweilerM. KamvarS. Baluja What's up CAPTCHA?: a CAPTCHA based on image orientation Proceedings of the 18th International Conference on World wide web 841 850 ACM 2009

[14] N. JiangF. Tian A novel gesture-based CAPTCHA design for smart devices Proceedings of the 27th International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference 49 British Computer Society 2013

[15] N. JiangH. Dogan A gesture-based captcha design supporting mobile devices Proceedings of the 2015 British HCI Conference 202 207 ACM New York 2015

[16] S. KalsoomS. ZiauddinA. R. Abbasi An image-based CAPTCHA scheme exploiting human appearance characteristics TIIS 6 2 734 750 2012

[17] J. KimS. KimJ. YangJ. H. RyuK. Wohn FaceCAPTCHA: a CAPTCHA that identifies the gender of face images unrecognized by existing gender classifiers Multimedia tools and applications 72 2 1215 1237 2014

[18] J. W. KimW. K. ChungH. G. Cho A new image-based CAPTCHA using the orientation of the polygonally cropped sub-images The Visual Computer 26 6 1135 1143 2010

[19] L. A. LeivaF. Alvaro μcaptcha: Human Interaction Proofs Tailored to Touch-Capable Devices via Math Handwriting International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction 31 7 457 471 2015

[20] J. R. LewisJ. Sauro The factor structure of the system usability scale International Conference on Human Centered Design Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2009

[21] R. LinS. Y. HuangG. B. BellY. K. Lee A new CAPTCHA interface design for mobile devices Proceedings of the Twelfth Australasian User Interface Conference 117 3 8 Australian Computer Society, Inc 2011

[22] J. Nielsen Enhancing the explanatory power of usability heuristics Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 152 158 ACM 1994

[23] Ofcom 2015 The Communications Market Report 2015 https ://www.ofcom .org.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0022/20668/cmr_uk_2015.pdf 20 March 2017

[24] M. OkadaS. Matsuyama New captcha for smartphones and tablet pc. In: Consumer Communications and Networking Conference (CCNC) 34 35 IEEE 2012

[25] Pew Research Center: U.S. Smartphone Use in 2015 Pew Research Center http://www.pewinternet.org/2015/04/01/us-smartphone-use-in-2015

[26] G. ReynagaS. ChiassonP. C. van Oorschot Heuristics for the evaluation of captchas on smartphones Proceedings of the 2015 British HCI Conference 126 135 ACM 2015

[27] A. RoudautS. HuotE. Lecolinet TapTap and MagStick: improving one-handed target acquisition on small touch-screens Proceedings of the working conference on Advanced visual interfaces 146 153 ACM 2008

[28] A. SaxenaN. S. ChauhanS. K. ReddyA. S. VangalD. P. Rodrguez A new scheme for mobile based CAPTCHA service on Cloud 2012 IEEE International Conference on Cloud Computing in Emerging Markets (CCEM) 1 6 IEEE 2012

[29] Y. TsurutaM. TakayaA. Yamamura CAPTCHA suitable for smartphones Information and Communication Technology - EurAsia Conference Springer Berlin Heidelberg 2013

[30] D. VogelP. Baudisch Shift: a technique for operating pen-based interfaces using touch Proceedings of the SIGCHI conference on Human factors in computing systems 657 666 ACM 2007

[31] L. Von AhnM. BlumJ. Langford Telling Humans and Computers Apart Automatically Communications of the ACM 47 2 56 60 2004

[32] A. J. WismerK. C. MadathilR. KoikkaraK. A. JuangJ. S. Greenstein Evaluating the usability of CAPTCHAs on a mobile device with voice and touch input Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting 56 1 1228 1232 Sage CA Los Angeles, CA 2012

[33] J. YanA. S El Ahmad 2008 Usability of CAP-TCHAs or usability issues in CAPTCHA design In Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Usable Privacy and Security Pittsburgh, PA July 2008 44 52 ACM New York

[34] Q. B. YeT. E. WeiA. B. JengH. M. LeeK. P. Wu DDIM-CAPTCHA: A Novel Drag-n-Drop Interactive Masking CAPTCHA against the Third Party Human Attacks 2013 Conference on Technologies and Applications of Artificial Intelligence (TAAI) 158 163 IEEE 2013