Infusing Mindfulness Capability into Pedagogical Agents

In this paper, a new vision for pedagogical agents is proposed. The pedagogical agents in the future should be able to identify the mindfulness state of the student and to remind the student to practice mindfulness for a short period before he/she continues with learning. For this purpose, this paper reviews different approaches to measuring mindfulness and identifies the weakness of the self-report measurement approach. In addition, the paper proposes to combine different physiological data types to identify the patterns of mindfulness state.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Nguyen-Thinh Le

Conference

Publication date: July 2018

Publication date (Print): July 2018

Pages: 1-6

Affiliations

[0001]Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin

Germany

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.119

SO-VID: aea58e2a-b997-45ed-8d46-aa2c74aa8722

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of the 32nd International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI

Conference number: 32

Conference location: Belfast, UK

Conference date: 4 - 6 July 2018

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Human Computer Interaction Conference

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.119

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

References

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K. W. Brown R. M. Ryan (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 822–848.
R. Chambers E. Gullone N. B. Allen (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review Clinical Psychology Review 29(6), 560–572.
R. W. F. Cheng D. S. Borrett W. Cheng H. C. Kwan R. S. S. Cheng (2010). Human prefrontal cortical response to the meditative state: a spectroscopy study International Journal Neuroscience 120 483–488.
A. Chiesa R. Calati A. Serretti (2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings Clinical Psychology Review 31(3), 449–464.
R. J. Davison A. W. Kaszniak (2016). Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Research on Mindfulness and Meditation The American Psychologists 70(7), 581–592.
S. Deepeshwar S. A. Vinchurkar N. K. Visweswaraiah H. R. Nagendra (2014). Hemodynamic responses on prefrontal cortex related to meditation and attentional task Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8 252.
A. De Vicente (2003). Towards tutoring systems that detect students’ motivation: An investigation PhD Thesis, Edinburgh: School of Informatics institutionUniversity of Edinburgh .
C. Dobbins S. Fairclough (2017). Wearable sensors, driving and the visualization of cardiovascular stress during everyday life. In Proceedings of the Conference on Neuroadaptive Technology.
A. Doll B. K. Hölzel, Mulej S. Bratec C. C. Boucard X. Xie A. M. Wohlschläger C. Sorg (2016). Mindful attention to breath regulates emotions via increased amygdala-prefontal cortex connectivity Neuroimage 134 305–313.
H. G. Engen T. Singer (2016). Affect and motivation are critical in constructive meditation Trends in Cognitive Science 20(3), 159–160.
N. A. Farb Z. V. Segal A. K. Anderson (2013). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8(1), 15–26.
J. Fell N. Axmacher S. Haupt (2010). From alpha to gamma: electrophysiological correlates of meditation-related states of consciousness Medical Hypotheses 75 (2), 218–224.
A. C. Graesser S. Lu G. T. Jackson H. Mitchell M. Ventura A. Olney M. M. Louwerse (2004). Auto Tutor: A Tutor with Dialogue in Natural Language Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36 180–193.
J. A. Grant P. Rainville (2009). Sensitivity and Analgesic Effects of Mindful States in Zen meditators Psychosomatic Medicine 71(1), 106–114.
F. Gundel et al. (2016). Meditation and the brain- Neuronal correlates of mindfulness as assessed with near infrared spectroscopy Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging S0925-4927.
B. K. Hölzel S. W. Lazar T. Gard Z. Schuman-Olivier D. R. Vago U. Ott (2011). How Does mindfulness meditation Work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective Perspectives on Psychological Science 6(6), 537–559.
F. M. Howells H. G. Laurie Rauch V. L. Ives-Deliperi N. R. Horn D. J. Stein (2014). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy may improve emotional processing in bipolar disorder: pilot ERP and HRV study Metabolic Brain Disease 29(2), 367–375.
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H. M Joo et al. (2010). Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction program on depression, anxiety and stress in patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.
Z. Josipovic (2010). Duality and nonduality in meditation research Consciousness and Cognition 19(4):1119–21.
Y. Kim A. L. Baylor (2016). Research-based design of pedagogical agent roles: A review, progress, and recommendations International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 26(1), 160–169.
Y. Kim A. L. Baylor E. Shen (2007). Pedagogical agents as learning companions: The impact of agent affect and gender Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning 23(03), 220–234.
S. Kodituwakku S. W. Lazar P. Indic Z. Chen E. Brown, N., R. Barbieri (2012). Point process time–frequency analysis of dynamic respiratory patterns during meditation practice Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 50(3), 261–275.
J. R. Krygier J. A. Heathers S. Shahrestani M. Abbott J. J. Gross A. H. Kemp (2013). Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: a preliminary investigation into the impact of intensive Vipassana meditation International Journal of Psychophysiology 89(3), 305–313.
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T. Lomas I. Ivtzan C. H. Y. Fu (2015). A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 57 401–410.
J. Masche N. T. Le (2017). A Review of Technologies for Conversational Systems In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Applications Springer Verlag.
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T. Park M. Reilly-Spong C.R. Gross (2013). Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO) Quality of Life Resource 22(10): 2639–2659.
R. W. Picard (1997). Affective Computing Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
N. L. Schroeder O. O. Adesope (2014). A Systematic Review of Pedagogical Agents’ Persona, Motivation, and Cognitive Load Implications for Learners Journal of Research on Technology in Education 46(3), 229–251.
J. C. Shaw (1996). Intention as a component of the alpha-rhythm response to mental activity International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24(1–2):7–23.
H. Smith P. Novak (2003). Buddhism San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.
C.O. SorzanoS., J. Vargas A. P. Montano (2014). A survey of dimensionality reduction techniques, arXiv:1403.2877v1.
R. A. Sottilare A.C. Graesser X. Hu H. Holden (2014) Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Volume 1 Learner Modeling U.S. Army Research Laboratory.
Thich Nhat Hanh (2018). Breating http://plumvillage.org/mindfulness-practice/breathing (retrieved 15/05/2018)
G Veletsianos G. Russell (2014), Pedagogical Agents. In M. Spector D. Merrill J. Elen, & MJ Bishop (eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology 4th Edition, 759-769 Springer Academic.
H. M. Wang S. C. Huang (2012). SDNN/RMSSD as a Surrogate for LF/HF: A Revised Investigation Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, Article ID 931943.
F. Zeidan et al. (2015). Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief employs different neural mechanisms than placebo and sham mindfulness meditation-induced analgesia Journal of Neuroscience 35(46), 15307-15325.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] R. A. Baer G. T. Smith J. Hopkins J. Krietemeyer L. Toney (2006). Using self-report assessment methods to explore facets of mindfulness Journal Assessment 13(1), 27–45.

[2] K. W. Brown R. M. Ryan (2003). The benefits of being present: Mindfulness and its role in psychological well-being Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 84 822–848.

[3] R. Chambers E. Gullone N. B. Allen (2009). Mindful emotion regulation: An integrative review Clinical Psychology Review 29(6), 560–572.

[4] R. W. F. Cheng D. S. Borrett W. Cheng H. C. Kwan R. S. S. Cheng (2010). Human prefrontal cortical response to the meditative state: a spectroscopy study International Journal Neuroscience 120 483–488.

[5] A. Chiesa R. Calati A. Serretti (2011). Does mindfulness training improve cognitive abilities? A systematic review of neuropsychological findings Clinical Psychology Review 31(3), 449–464.

[6] R. J. Davison A. W. Kaszniak (2016). Conceptual and Methodological Issues in Research on Mindfulness and Meditation The American Psychologists 70(7), 581–592.

[7] S. Deepeshwar S. A. Vinchurkar N. K. Visweswaraiah H. R. Nagendra (2014). Hemodynamic responses on prefrontal cortex related to meditation and attentional task Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience 8 252.

[8] A. De Vicente (2003). Towards tutoring systems that detect students’ motivation: An investigation PhD Thesis, Edinburgh: School of Informatics institutionUniversity of Edinburgh .

[9] C. Dobbins S. Fairclough (2017). Wearable sensors, driving and the visualization of cardiovascular stress during everyday life. In Proceedings of the Conference on Neuroadaptive Technology.

[10] A. Doll B. K. Hölzel, Mulej S. Bratec C. C. Boucard X. Xie A. M. Wohlschläger C. Sorg (2016). Mindful attention to breath regulates emotions via increased amygdala-prefontal cortex connectivity Neuroimage 134 305–313.

[11] H. G. Engen T. Singer (2016). Affect and motivation are critical in constructive meditation Trends in Cognitive Science 20(3), 159–160.

[12] N. A. Farb Z. V. Segal A. K. Anderson (2013). Mindfulness meditation training alters cortical representations of interoceptive attention Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience 8(1), 15–26.

[13] J. Fell N. Axmacher S. Haupt (2010). From alpha to gamma: electrophysiological correlates of meditation-related states of consciousness Medical Hypotheses 75 (2), 218–224.

[14] A. C. Graesser S. Lu G. T. Jackson H. Mitchell M. Ventura A. Olney M. M. Louwerse (2004). Auto Tutor: A Tutor with Dialogue in Natural Language Behavioral Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers 36 180–193.

[15] J. A. Grant P. Rainville (2009). Sensitivity and Analgesic Effects of Mindful States in Zen meditators Psychosomatic Medicine 71(1), 106–114.

[16] F. Gundel et al. (2016). Meditation and the brain- Neuronal correlates of mindfulness as assessed with near infrared spectroscopy Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging S0925-4927.

[17] B. K. Hölzel S. W. Lazar T. Gard Z. Schuman-Olivier D. R. Vago U. Ott (2011). How Does mindfulness meditation Work? Proposing mechanisms of action from a conceptual and neural perspective Perspectives on Psychological Science 6(6), 537–559.

[18] F. M. Howells H. G. Laurie Rauch V. L. Ives-Deliperi N. R. Horn D. J. Stein (2014). Mindfulness based cognitive therapy may improve emotional processing in bipolar disorder: pilot ERP and HRV study Metabolic Brain Disease 29(2), 367–375.

[19] K. S. Jeang (2004). The outline of HRV Journal of Korean Academy of Family Medicine 25 528–532.

[20] H. M Joo et al. (2010). Effects of mindfulness based stress reduction program on depression, anxiety and stress in patients with Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.

[21] Z. Josipovic (2010). Duality and nonduality in meditation research Consciousness and Cognition 19(4):1119–21.

[22] Y. Kim A. L. Baylor (2016). Research-based design of pedagogical agent roles: A review, progress, and recommendations International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education 26(1), 160–169.

[23] Y. Kim A. L. Baylor E. Shen (2007). Pedagogical agents as learning companions: The impact of agent affect and gender Journal of Computer-Assisted Learning 23(03), 220–234.

[24] S. Kodituwakku S. W. Lazar P. Indic Z. Chen E. Brown, N., R. Barbieri (2012). Point process time–frequency analysis of dynamic respiratory patterns during meditation practice Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 50(3), 261–275.

[25] J. R. Krygier J. A. Heathers S. Shahrestani M. Abbott J. J. Gross A. H. Kemp (2013). Mindfulness meditation, well-being, and heart rate variability: a preliminary investigation into the impact of intensive Vipassana meditation International Journal of Psychophysiology 89(3), 305–313.

[26] S. W. Lazar et al. (2005). Meditation experience is associated with increased cortical thickness Neuroreport 16(17), 1893–1897.

[27] P. Lehrer Y. Sasaki Y. Saito (1999). Zazen and cardiac variability Psychosomatic Medicine 61 812–821.

[28] T. Lomas I. Ivtzan C. H. Y. Fu (2015). A systematic review of the neurophysiology of mindfulness on EEG oscillations Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 57 401–410.

[29] J. Masche N. T. Le (2017). A Review of Technologies for Conversational Systems In Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Applications Springer Verlag.

[30] Medicore (2018). Heart Rate Variability Analysis System, Clinical Information, V.3.0 http://medi-core.com/download/HRV_clinical_manual_ver3.0.pdf (retrieved 15/05/2018)

[31] J. Mladenovic J. Mattout F. Lotte (2017). Chapter 33: A Generic Framework for Adaptive BCI training and operation. In Brain-Computer Interfaces Handbook: Technological and Theoretical Advances.

[32] R. Moreno (2005). Multimedia learning with animated pedagogical agents. In R. Mayer (ed.), Cambridge Handbook of Multimedia Learning 507–524 New York: Cambridge University Press.

[33] T. Park M. Reilly-Spong C.R. Gross (2013). Mindfulness: a systematic review of instruments to measure an emergent patient-reported outcome (PRO) Quality of Life Resource 22(10): 2639–2659.

[34] R. W. Picard (1997). Affective Computing Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.

[35] N. L. Schroeder O. O. Adesope (2014). A Systematic Review of Pedagogical Agents’ Persona, Motivation, and Cognitive Load Implications for Learners Journal of Research on Technology in Education 46(3), 229–251.

[36] J. C. Shaw (1996). Intention as a component of the alpha-rhythm response to mental activity International Journal of Psychophysiology, 24(1–2):7–23.

[37] H. Smith P. Novak (2003). Buddhism San Francisco: Harper San Francisco.

[38] C.O. SorzanoS., J. Vargas A. P. Montano (2014). A survey of dimensionality reduction techniques, arXiv:1403.2877v1.

[39] R. A. Sottilare A.C. Graesser X. Hu H. Holden (2014) Design Recommendations for Intelligent Tutoring Systems. Volume 1 Learner Modeling U.S. Army Research Laboratory.

[40] Thich Nhat Hanh (2018). Breating http://plumvillage.org/mindfulness-practice/breathing (retrieved 15/05/2018)

[41] G Veletsianos G. Russell (2014), Pedagogical Agents. In M. Spector D. Merrill J. Elen, & MJ Bishop (eds.), Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology 4th Edition, 759-769 Springer Academic.

[42] H. M. Wang S. C. Huang (2012). SDNN/RMSSD as a Surrogate for LF/HF: A Revised Investigation Modelling and Simulation in Engineering, Article ID 931943.

[43] F. Zeidan et al. (2015). Mindfulness meditation-based pain relief employs different neural mechanisms than placebo and sham mindfulness meditation-induced analgesia Journal of Neuroscience 35(46), 15307-15325.

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