Investigating the Interaction Between Personalities and the Benefit of Gamification

Many studies have confirmed the benefit of gamification on learners’ motivation. However, gamification may also demotivate some learners, or learners may focus on the gamification elements instead of the learning content. Some researchers have recommended building learner models that can be used to adapt gamification elements based on learners’ personalities. Building such a model requires a strong understanding of the relationship between gamification and personality. Existing empirical work has focused on measuring knowledge gain and learner preference. These findings may not be reliable because the analyses are based on learners who complete the study and because they rely on self-report from learners. This preliminary study explores a different approach by allowing learners to drop out at any time and then uses the number of students left as a proxy for motivation and engagement. Survival analysis is used to analyse the data. The results confirm the benefits of gamification and provide some pointers to how this varies with personality.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Wad Ghaban

Robert Hendley

Conference

Publication date: July 2018

Publication date (Print): July 2018

Pages: 1-13

Affiliations

[1 ] School of Computer Science

University Of Birmingham

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.41

SO-VID: a66ed608-ff3d-4d5a-8e32-f677b27647e5

License:

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: Proceedings of the 32nd International BCS Human Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI

Conference number: 32

Conference location: Belfast, UK

Conference date: 4 - 6 July 2018

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Human Computer Interaction Conference

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2018.41

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

M. AllenE. MabryM. MattreyJ. BourhisS. TitsworthN. Burrell 2004 Evaluating the effectiveness of distance learning: A comparison using meta-analysis Journal of communication 54 3 402 420
M. Ally 2004 Foundations of educational theory for online learning Theory and practice of online learning 2 15 44
M. AlshammariR. AnaneR. J. Hendley(2015 September)Design and usability evaluation of adaptive e-learning systems based on learner knowledge and learning style In Human-Computer Interaction 584 591 Springer Cham. Chicago
M. AlshammariR. AnaneR. J. Hendley(2016, May)Usability and effectiveness evaluation of adaptivity in e-learning systems In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2984 2991 ACM
A. AlujaO. GarcıaJ. RossierL. F. Garcıa 2005 Comparison of the NEO-FFI, the NEO-FFI-R and an alternative short version of the NEO-PI-R (NEO-60) in Swiss and Spanish samples Personality and Individual Differences 38 3 591 604
G. BarataS. GamaJ. JorgeD. Goncalves 2011 So Fun it Hurts-Gamifying an Engineering Course Found. Augment 10
M. R. BarrickM. K. Mount 1991 The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis Personnel psychology 44 1 1 26
C. J. BeyerE. A. Davis 2012 Learning to critique and adapt science curriculum materials: Examining the development of preservice elementary teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge Science Education 96 1 130 157
T. BidjeranoD. Y. Dai 2007 The relationship between the big-five model of personality and self-regulated learning strategies Learning and individual differences 17 1 69 81
I. BlohmJ. M. Leimeister 2013 Design of IT-Based Enhancing Services for Motivational Support and Behavioral Change
P. Brusilovsky 2012 Adaptive hypermedia for education and training Adaptive technologies for training and education 46
I. Bunchball 2010 Gamification 101: An introduction to the use of game dynamics to influence behavior White paper 9 Chicago
V. V. BusatoF. J. PrinsJ. J. ElshoutC. Hamaker 2000 Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education Personality and Individual differences 29 6 1057 1068
I. CaponettoJ. EarpM. Ott(2014, October)Gamification and education: A literature review In European Conference on Games Based Learning 1 50)Academic Conferences International Limited Chicago
R. M. CariniG. D. KuhS. P. Klein 2006 Student engagement and student learning: Testing the linkages Research in higher education 47 1 1 32
C. CheongF. CheongJ. Filippou 2013 June Quick Quiz: A Gamified Approach for Enhancing Learning In PACIS 206
T. G. ClarkM. J. BradburnS. B. LoveD. G. Altman 2003 Survival analysis part I: basic concepts and first analyses British journal of cancer 89 2)232 Chicago
D. CodishG. Ravid 2014 Personality based gamification-Educational gamification for extroverts and introverts In Proceedings of the 9th CHAIS Conference for the Study of Innovation and Learning Technologies: Learning in the Technological Era 1 36 44
D. CodishG. Ravid 2014 Personality based gamification: How different personalities perceive gamification
P. T. CostaR. R. MacCrae 1992 Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated
L. De-MarcosA. DominguezJ. Saenz-de-NavarreteC. Pagés 2014 An empirical study comparing gamification and social networking on e-learning Computers & Education 75 82 91
R. De OliveiraM. CherubiniN. Oliver(2010, September)MoviPill: improving medication compliance for elders using a mobile persuasive social game In Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing 251 260 ACM
M. C. DesmaraisR. S. Baker 2012 A review of recent advances in learner and skill modeling in intelligent learning environments User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 22 1 2 9 38
C. DichevD. DichevaG. AngelovaG. Agre 2014 From gamification to gameful design and gameful experience in learning Cybernetics and Information Technologies 14 4 80 100
A. DominguezJ. Saenz-De-NavarreteL. De-MarcosL. Fernandez-SanzC. PagesJ. J. Martinez-HerraIz 2013 Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes Computers & Education 63 380 392
H. J. EysenckS. B. G. Eysenck 1975 Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (junior and adult) Hodder and Stoughton
F. FaiellaM. Ricciardi 2015 Gamification and learning: a review of issues and research Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society 11 3
K. M. FeighM. C. DorneichC. C. Hayes 2012 Toward a characterization of adaptive systems: A framework for researchers and system designers Human Factors 54 6 1008 1024 Chicago
S. K. FilippidisI. A. Tsoukalas 2009 On the use of adaptive instructional images based on the sequential–global dimension of the Felder–Silverman learning style theory Interactive Learning Environments 17 2 135 150
Z. Fitz-WalterD. TjondronegoroP. Wyeth(2011, November)Orientation passport: using gamification to engage university students In Proceedings of the 23rd Australian computer-human interaction conference 122 125 ACM
A. L. FranzoniS. AssarB. DefudeJ. Rojas(2008, July)Student learning styles adaptation method based on teaching strategies and electronic media In Advanced Learning Technologies 2008. ICALT’08. Eighth IEEE International Conference on 778 782)IEEE
L. R. Goldberg 1981 Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons Review of personality and social psychology 2 1 141 165
W. K. Hofstee 1994 Who should own the definition of personality? European Journal of Personality 8 3 149 162
J. HoganR. Hogan 1989 How to measure employee reliability Journal of Applied psychology 74 2)273
K. J. JagerP. C. Van DijkC. ZoccaliF. W. Dekker 2008 The analysis of survival data: the Kaplan–Meier method Kidney international 74 5 560 565
Y. JiaB. XuY. KaranamS. Voida(2016, May)Personality-targeted gamification: a survey study on personality traits and motivational affordances In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2001 2013 ACM Chicago
O. P. JohnE. M. DonahueR. L. Kentle 1991 The big five inventory—versions 4a and 54
G. D. Lawrence 1993 People types & tiger stripes. Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Inc., 2815 NW 13th Street, Suite 401, Gainesville, FL 32609
J. J. LeeJ. Hammer 2011 Gamification in education: What, how, why bother? Academic exchange quarterly 15 2)146
D. Lindebaum 2009 Rhetoric or remedy? A critique on developing emotional intelligence Academy of Management Learning & Education 8 2 225 237
G. D. MagoulasY. PapanikolaouM. Grigoriadou 2003 Adaptive web‐based learning: accommodating individual differences through system’s adaptation British journal of educational technology 34 4 511 527
S. N. MerryK. StasiakM. ShepherdC. FramptonT. FlemingM. F. Lucassen 2012 The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Bmj 344 e2598
K. RobsonK. PlanggerJ. H. KietzmannI. McCarthyL. Pitt 2015 Is it all a game? Understanding the principles of gamification Business Horizons 58 4 411 420 Chicago
S. RothmannE. P. Coetzer 2003 The big five personality dimensions and job performance SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 29 1 68 74
R. M. RyanE. L. Deci 2000 Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being American psychologist 55 1 68
M. SailerJ. HenseH. MandlM. Klevers 2013 Psychological perspectives on motivation through gamification IxD&A 19 28 37
L. ShenM. WangR. Shen 2009 Affective e-learning: Using” emotional” data to improve learning in pervasive learning environment Journal of Educational Technology & Society 12 2 176
Y. ShodaW. Mischel 1998 Personality as a stable cognitive-affective activation network: Characteristic patterns of behavior variation emerge from a stable personality structure
J. D. SingerJ. B. Willett 1993 It’s about time: Using discrete-time survival analysis to study duration and the timing of events Journal of educational statistics 18 2 155 195
M. P. StannettA. SedeeqD. M. Romano 2016 Generic and Adaptive Gamification: A Panoramic Review
A. StottC. Neustaedter 2013 Analysis of gamification in education Surrey, BC, Canada 8 36 Chicago
G. F. TondelloR. R. WehbeL. DiamondM. BuschA. MarczewskiL. E. Nacke(2016, October)The gamification user types hexad scale In Proceedings of the 2016 annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play 229 243 ACM
S. J. Walters 1999 What is a Cox model? Newmarket, England Hayward Medical Communications

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] M. AllenE. MabryM. MattreyJ. BourhisS. TitsworthN. Burrell 2004 Evaluating the effectiveness of distance learning: A comparison using meta-analysis Journal of communication 54 3 402 420

[2] M. Ally 2004 Foundations of educational theory for online learning Theory and practice of online learning 2 15 44

[3] M. AlshammariR. AnaneR. J. Hendley(2015 September)Design and usability evaluation of adaptive e-learning systems based on learner knowledge and learning style In Human-Computer Interaction 584 591 Springer Cham. Chicago

[4] M. AlshammariR. AnaneR. J. Hendley(2016, May)Usability and effectiveness evaluation of adaptivity in e-learning systems In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2984 2991 ACM

[5] A. AlujaO. GarcıaJ. RossierL. F. Garcıa 2005 Comparison of the NEO-FFI, the NEO-FFI-R and an alternative short version of the NEO-PI-R (NEO-60) in Swiss and Spanish samples Personality and Individual Differences 38 3 591 604

[6] G. BarataS. GamaJ. JorgeD. Goncalves 2011 So Fun it Hurts-Gamifying an Engineering Course Found. Augment 10

[7] M. R. BarrickM. K. Mount 1991 The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta‐analysis Personnel psychology 44 1 1 26

[8] C. J. BeyerE. A. Davis 2012 Learning to critique and adapt science curriculum materials: Examining the development of preservice elementary teachers’ pedagogical content knowledge Science Education 96 1 130 157

[9] T. BidjeranoD. Y. Dai 2007 The relationship between the big-five model of personality and self-regulated learning strategies Learning and individual differences 17 1 69 81

[10] I. BlohmJ. M. Leimeister 2013 Design of IT-Based Enhancing Services for Motivational Support and Behavioral Change

[11] P. Brusilovsky 2012 Adaptive hypermedia for education and training Adaptive technologies for training and education 46

[12] I. Bunchball 2010 Gamification 101: An introduction to the use of game dynamics to influence behavior White paper 9 Chicago

[13] V. V. BusatoF. J. PrinsJ. J. ElshoutC. Hamaker 2000 Intellectual ability, learning style, personality, achievement motivation and academic success of psychology students in higher education Personality and Individual differences 29 6 1057 1068

[14] I. CaponettoJ. EarpM. Ott(2014, October)Gamification and education: A literature review In European Conference on Games Based Learning 1 50)Academic Conferences International Limited Chicago

[15] R. M. CariniG. D. KuhS. P. Klein 2006 Student engagement and student learning: Testing the linkages Research in higher education 47 1 1 32

[16] C. CheongF. CheongJ. Filippou 2013 June Quick Quiz: A Gamified Approach for Enhancing Learning In PACIS 206

[17] T. G. ClarkM. J. BradburnS. B. LoveD. G. Altman 2003 Survival analysis part I: basic concepts and first analyses British journal of cancer 89 2)232 Chicago

[18] D. CodishG. Ravid 2014 Personality based gamification-Educational gamification for extroverts and introverts In Proceedings of the 9th CHAIS Conference for the Study of Innovation and Learning Technologies: Learning in the Technological Era 1 36 44

[19] D. CodishG. Ravid 2014 Personality based gamification: How different personalities perceive gamification

[20] P. T. CostaR. R. MacCrae 1992 Revised NEO personality inventory (NEO PI-R) and NEO five-factor inventory (NEO-FFI): Professional manual Psychological Assessment Resources, Incorporated

[21] L. De-MarcosA. DominguezJ. Saenz-de-NavarreteC. Pagés 2014 An empirical study comparing gamification and social networking on e-learning Computers & Education 75 82 91

[22] R. De OliveiraM. CherubiniN. Oliver(2010, September)MoviPill: improving medication compliance for elders using a mobile persuasive social game In Proceedings of the 12th ACM international conference on Ubiquitous computing 251 260 ACM

[23] M. C. DesmaraisR. S. Baker 2012 A review of recent advances in learner and skill modeling in intelligent learning environments User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction 22 1 2 9 38

[24] C. DichevD. DichevaG. AngelovaG. Agre 2014 From gamification to gameful design and gameful experience in learning Cybernetics and Information Technologies 14 4 80 100

[25] A. DominguezJ. Saenz-De-NavarreteL. De-MarcosL. Fernandez-SanzC. PagesJ. J. Martinez-HerraIz 2013 Gamifying learning experiences: Practical implications and outcomes Computers & Education 63 380 392

[26] H. J. EysenckS. B. G. Eysenck 1975 Manual of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (junior and adult) Hodder and Stoughton

[27] F. FaiellaM. Ricciardi 2015 Gamification and learning: a review of issues and research Journal of e-Learning and Knowledge Society 11 3

[28] K. M. FeighM. C. DorneichC. C. Hayes 2012 Toward a characterization of adaptive systems: A framework for researchers and system designers Human Factors 54 6 1008 1024 Chicago

[29] S. K. FilippidisI. A. Tsoukalas 2009 On the use of adaptive instructional images based on the sequential–global dimension of the Felder–Silverman learning style theory Interactive Learning Environments 17 2 135 150

[30] Z. Fitz-WalterD. TjondronegoroP. Wyeth(2011, November)Orientation passport: using gamification to engage university students In Proceedings of the 23rd Australian computer-human interaction conference 122 125 ACM

[31] A. L. FranzoniS. AssarB. DefudeJ. Rojas(2008, July)Student learning styles adaptation method based on teaching strategies and electronic media In Advanced Learning Technologies 2008. ICALT’08. Eighth IEEE International Conference on 778 782)IEEE

[32] L. R. Goldberg 1981 Language and individual differences: The search for universals in personality lexicons Review of personality and social psychology 2 1 141 165

[33] W. K. Hofstee 1994 Who should own the definition of personality? European Journal of Personality 8 3 149 162

[34] J. HoganR. Hogan 1989 How to measure employee reliability Journal of Applied psychology 74 2)273

[35] K. J. JagerP. C. Van DijkC. ZoccaliF. W. Dekker 2008 The analysis of survival data: the Kaplan–Meier method Kidney international 74 5 560 565

[36] Y. JiaB. XuY. KaranamS. Voida(2016, May)Personality-targeted gamification: a survey study on personality traits and motivational affordances In Proceedings of the 2016 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems 2001 2013 ACM Chicago

[37] O. P. JohnE. M. DonahueR. L. Kentle 1991 The big five inventory—versions 4a and 54

[38] G. D. Lawrence 1993 People types & tiger stripes. Center for Applications of Psychological Type, Inc., 2815 NW 13th Street, Suite 401, Gainesville, FL 32609

[39] J. J. LeeJ. Hammer 2011 Gamification in education: What, how, why bother? Academic exchange quarterly 15 2)146

[40] D. Lindebaum 2009 Rhetoric or remedy? A critique on developing emotional intelligence Academy of Management Learning & Education 8 2 225 237

[41] G. D. MagoulasY. PapanikolaouM. Grigoriadou 2003 Adaptive web‐based learning: accommodating individual differences through system’s adaptation British journal of educational technology 34 4 511 527

[42] S. N. MerryK. StasiakM. ShepherdC. FramptonT. FlemingM. F. Lucassen 2012 The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerised self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Bmj 344 e2598

[43] K. RobsonK. PlanggerJ. H. KietzmannI. McCarthyL. Pitt 2015 Is it all a game? Understanding the principles of gamification Business Horizons 58 4 411 420 Chicago

[44] S. RothmannE. P. Coetzer 2003 The big five personality dimensions and job performance SA Journal of Industrial Psychology 29 1 68 74

[45] R. M. RyanE. L. Deci 2000 Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being American psychologist 55 1 68

[46] M. SailerJ. HenseH. MandlM. Klevers 2013 Psychological perspectives on motivation through gamification IxD&A 19 28 37

[47] L. ShenM. WangR. Shen 2009 Affective e-learning: Using” emotional” data to improve learning in pervasive learning environment Journal of Educational Technology & Society 12 2 176

[48] Y. ShodaW. Mischel 1998 Personality as a stable cognitive-affective activation network: Characteristic patterns of behavior variation emerge from a stable personality structure

[49] J. D. SingerJ. B. Willett 1993 It’s about time: Using discrete-time survival analysis to study duration and the timing of events Journal of educational statistics 18 2 155 195

[50] M. P. StannettA. SedeeqD. M. Romano 2016 Generic and Adaptive Gamification: A Panoramic Review

[51] A. StottC. Neustaedter 2013 Analysis of gamification in education Surrey, BC, Canada 8 36 Chicago

[52] G. F. TondelloR. R. WehbeL. DiamondM. BuschA. MarczewskiL. E. Nacke(2016, October)The gamification user types hexad scale In Proceedings of the 2016 annual symposium on computer-human interaction in play 229 243 ACM

[53] S. J. Walters 1999 What is a Cox model? Newmarket, England Hayward Medical Communications

Celebrating 65 years of The Computer Journal - free-to-read perspectives - bcs.org/tcj65