Teleworker’s Perception of Technology Use for Collaborative and Social During the COVID-19 Pandemic

With the flourish of collaborative and social technologies in the market since the pandemic, there is limited understanding of user’s attitudes towards these technologies. We aim to understand teleworkers’ perceptions of technology use during the pandemic and interviewed 46 teleworkers. We found that teleworkers generally hold a positive attitude towards social technologies and are creative to use these technologies to meet their social needs; they express overall negative feelings about remote collaboration technologies, though online communication flattens the communication hierarchy in the organization. The pandemic amplifies the extant challenges and highlights the shortcomings of technological design in well- established teleworking research and remote collaboration work. We suggest that future design should 1) combine and commercialize solutions that are well-grounded in prior work; 2) consider scenarios that are typically missed and can be easily replaced with collocated interaction from the pre-pandemic context into the forced teleworking context.

Content

Author and article information

Contributors

Jie Cai

Sarah J Ryu

Donghee Yvette Wohn

Hyejin Hannah Kum-Biocca

Conference

Publication date: July 2021

Publication date (Print): July 2021

Pages: 329-342

Affiliations

[0001]New Jersey Institute of Technology

New Jersey, United States

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2021.36

SO-VID: 42793bca-9f3d-4ece-a824-10924dc83fef

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: 34th British HCI Conference

Conference acronym: HCI2021

Conference number: 34

Conference location: London, UK

Conference date: 20th - 21st July 2021

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Post-pandemic HCI – Living Digitally

History

Product

1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2021.36

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

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D. Banerjee (2020, 4). The COVID-19 outbreak: Crucial role the psychiatrists can play.
S. Banskota, M. Healy, and E. M. Goldberg (2020). 15 smartphone apps for older adults to use while in isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic.
S. Brave, W. Khii, and M. Hdre (1998). TangibleInterfaces for Remote Collaborationand Communication. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 10.
S. K. Brooks, R. K. Webster, L. E. Smith, L. Woodland, S. Wessely, N. Greenberg, and G. J. Rubin (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.
S. Bryant (2000, 3). At home on the electronic frontier: work, gender and the information highway. New Technology, Work and Employment 15(1), 19–33.
W. Cao, Z. Fang, G. Hou, M. Han, X. Xu, J. Dong, and J. Zheng (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research 287.
M. Collins (2005, 7). The (not so simple) case for teleworking: a study at Lloyd’s of London. New Technology, Work and Employment 20(2), 115–132.
A. L. Cox, S. Dray, J. Bird, A. Peters, N. Mauthner, and E. Collins (2014). Socio-technical practices and work-home boundaries. In MobileHCI 2014 - Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 581–584.
V. Das Swain, K. Saha, G. D. Abowd, and M. De Choudhury (2020). Social media and ubiquitous technologies for remote worker wellbeing and productivity in a post-pandemic world. In Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Machine Intelligence, CogMI 2020, pp. 121–130.
B. L. Dey, W. Al-Karaghouli, and S. S. Muhammad (2020). Adoption, Adaptation, Use and Impact of Information Systems during Pandemic Time and Beyond: Research and Managerial Implications. Information Systems Management 37 (4), 298–302.
C. A. Figueroa and A. Aguilera (2020, 6). The Need for a Mental Health Technology Revolution in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry 11.
K. L. Fonner and L. C. Stache (2012). All in a day’s work, at home: Teleworkers’ management of micro role transitions and the work-home boundary. New Technology, Work and Employment 27 (3), 242–257.
S. R. Fussell, L. D. Setlock, and R. E. Kraut (2003). Effects of head-mounted and scene-oriented video systems on remote collaboration on physical tasks. In Proceedings of the conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’03, New York, New York, USA, pp. 513. ACM Press.
S. R. Fussell, L. D. Setlock, J. Yang, J. Ou, E. Mauer, and A. D. Kramer (2004). Gestures over video streams to support remote collaboration on physical tasks. Human-Computer Interaction 19(3), 273–309.
R. S. Gajendran and D. A. Harrison (2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Telecommuting: Meta-Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(6), 1524–1541.
D. R. Garfin (2020, 10). Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress and Health 36(4), 555–559.
S. Gauglitz, C. Lee, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer (2012). Integrating the physical environment into mobile remote collaboration. In Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services -MobileHCI ’12, New York, New York, USA, pp. 241. ACM Press.
S. Gauglitz, B. Nuernberger, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer (2014a). In touch with the remote world: Remote collaboration with augmented reality drawings and virtual navigation. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST, pp. 197–205.
S. Gauglitz, B. Nuernberger, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer (2014b). World-stabilized annotations and virtual scene navigation for remote collaboration. UIST 2014 - Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology , 449–460.
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H. Ishii (1990). Team workstation: Towards a seamless shared workspace. In Proceedings of the 1990 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW 1990, New York, New York, USA, pp. 13–26. ACM Press.
H. Ishii, M. Kobayashi, and J. Grudin (1993). Integration of Interpersonal Space and Shared Workspace: ClearBoard Design and Experiments. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 11(4), 349–375.
H. Ishii and B. Ullmer (1997). Tangible bits: Towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 234–241.
S. M. Kissler, C. Tedijanto, E. Goldstein, Y. H. Grad, and M. Lipsitch (2020, 5). Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 368(6493), 860–868.
E. Kleinman, S. Chojnacki, and M. S. El-Nasr (2021). The Gang’s All Here: How People Used Games to cope with COVID19 Quarantine. In Proceedings of 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’ 2021.
H. Kuzuoka (1992). Spatial workspace collaboration: a sharedview video support system for remote collaboration capability. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 533–540.
H. Kuzuoka, T. Kosuge, and M. Tanaka (1994). GestureCam: A video communication system for sympathetic remote collaboration. In Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW 1994, New York, New York, USA, pp. 35–43. ACM Press.
D. Leithinger, S. Follmer, A. Olwal, and H. Ishii (2014, 10). Physical Telepresence: Shape capture and display for embodied, computer-mediated remote collaboration. In UIST 2014 - Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 461–470. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.
J. Liu, W.-H. Cheng, K. Nahrstedt, R. Jain, E. Ricci, and H. Byun (2020). Coping with Pandemics: Opportunities and Challenges for AI Multimedia in the “New Normal”. In ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM ’20), pp. 4794–4795. ACM.
S. Mann and L. Holdsworth (2003, 11). The psychological impact of teleworking: stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment 18(3), 196–211.
H. R. Marston and R. Kowert (2020, 6). What role can videogames play in the COVID-19 pandemic? Emerald Open Research 2, 34.
T. Maruyama, P. G. Hopkinson, and P. W. James (2009). A multivariate analysis of work-life balance outcomes from a large-scale telework programme. New Technology, Work and Employment 24(1), 76–88.
J. Mattern, S. Lansmann, and J. A. Hüllmann (2021). It’s not that bad! Perceived Stress of Knowledge Workers During Enforced Working From Home due to COVID-19. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI), Number March.
F. F. H. Nah and K. Siau (2020). Covid-19 pandemic – role of technology in transforming business to the new normal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 12427 LNCS, 585–600.
Neurons (2017). How virtual reality facilitates social connection.
Nicholas Bloom (2020). How working from home works out. Stanford, Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) (June), 8.
L. S. Nowell, J. M. Norris, D. E. White, and N. J. Moules (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16(1).
G. M. Olson and J. S. Olson (2000). Distance Matters. Human –Computer Interaction 15(2-3), 139–178.
T. Piumsomboon, G. A. Lee, J. D. Hart, B. Ens, R. W. Lindeman, B. H. Thomas, and M. Billinghurst (2018). Mini-me: An adaptive avatar for Mixed Reality remote collaboration. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems -Proceedings 2018-April.
G. Riva, F. Mantovani, and B. K. Wiederhold (2020, 9). Positive technology and COVID-19. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 23(9), 581–587.
O. Rubin, A. Nikolaeva, S. Nello-Deakin, and M. t. Brommelstroet (2020). What can we learn from the COVID-19 pandemic about how people experience working from home and commuting? Technical report, University of Amsterdam.
V. Saladino, D. Algeri, and V. Auriemma (2020). The Psychological and Social Impact of Covid-19: New Perspectives of Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 2550.
N. Salari, A. Hosseinian-Far, R. Jalali, A. Vaisi-Raygani, S. Rasoulpoor, M. Mohammadi, S. Rasoulpoor, and B. Khaledi-Paveh (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health 16(50), 11.
D. Sirkin, G. Venolia, J. Tang, G. Robertson, T. Kim, K. Inkpen, M. Sedlins, B. Lee, and M. Sinclair (2011). Motion and attention in a kinetic videoconferencing proxy. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 162–180. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
C. Son, S. Hegde, A. Smith, X. Wang, and F. Sasangohar (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(9).
K. Stawarz, A. L. Cox, J. Bird, and R. Benedyk (2013). “I’d Sit at Home and Do Work Emails”: How Tablets Affect the Work-Life Balance of Office Workers. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1383–1388.
L. Sydow (2020). Video Conferencing Apps Surge from Coronavirus Impact.
T. Teo, L. Lawrence, G. A. Lee, M. Billinghurst, and M. Adcock (2019). Mixed reality remote collaboration combining 360 video and 3D reconstruction. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 14. ACM.
C. Trueman (2020). Pandemic leads to surge in video conferencing app downloads.
R. B. Viana and C. A. B. De Lira (2020). Exergames as Coping Strategies for Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Quarantine Period. Games for Health Journal 9(3), 147–149.
L. Waizenegger, B. McKenna, W. Cai, and T. Bendz (2020, 7). An affordance perspective of team collaboration and enforced working from home during COVID-19. European Journal of Information Systems 29(4), 429–442.
B. K. Wiederhold (2020, 7). Connecting through Technology during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding ”zoom Fatigue”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 23(7), 437–438.
J. R. Williamson, J. Li, V. Vinayagamoorthy, D. A. Shamma, and P. Cesar (2021). Proxemics and Social Interactions in an Instrumented Virtual Reality Workshop. In Proceedings of 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’ 2021.
S. Wold (2021, 9). COVID-19 is changing how, why and how much we’re using social media. Technical report.
H. Wu and Y. Chen (2020, 7). The impact of work from home (wfh) on workload and productivity in terms of different tasks and occupations. In HCI International 2020 – Late Breaking Papers: Interaction, Knowledge and Social Media. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 12427, pp. 693–706. Springer, Cham.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] A. D. Balakrishnan, S. R. Fussell, and S. Kiesler (2008). Do visualizations improve synchronous remote collaboration? In Proceeding of the twenty-sixth annual CHI conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’08, New York, New York, USA, pp. 1227. ACM Press.

[2] D. Banerjee (2020, 4). The COVID-19 outbreak: Crucial role the psychiatrists can play.

[3] S. Banskota, M. Healy, and E. M. Goldberg (2020). 15 smartphone apps for older adults to use while in isolation during the Covid-19 pandemic.

[4] S. Brave, W. Khii, and M. Hdre (1998). TangibleInterfaces for Remote Collaborationand Communication. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, pp. 10.

[5] S. K. Brooks, R. K. Webster, L. E. Smith, L. Woodland, S. Wessely, N. Greenberg, and G. J. Rubin (2020). The psychological impact of quarantine and how to reduce it: rapid review of the evidence.

[6] S. Bryant (2000, 3). At home on the electronic frontier: work, gender and the information highway. New Technology, Work and Employment 15(1), 19–33.

[7] W. Cao, Z. Fang, G. Hou, M. Han, X. Xu, J. Dong, and J. Zheng (2020). The psychological impact of the COVID-19 epidemic on college students in China. Psychiatry Research 287.

[8] M. Collins (2005, 7). The (not so simple) case for teleworking: a study at Lloyd’s of London. New Technology, Work and Employment 20(2), 115–132.

[9] A. L. Cox, S. Dray, J. Bird, A. Peters, N. Mauthner, and E. Collins (2014). Socio-technical practices and work-home boundaries. In MobileHCI 2014 - Proceedings of the 16th ACM International Conference on Human-Computer Interaction with Mobile Devices and Services, pp. 581–584.

[10] V. Das Swain, K. Saha, G. D. Abowd, and M. De Choudhury (2020). Social media and ubiquitous technologies for remote worker wellbeing and productivity in a post-pandemic world. In Proceedings - 2020 IEEE 2nd International Conference on Cognitive Machine Intelligence, CogMI 2020, pp. 121–130.

[11] B. L. Dey, W. Al-Karaghouli, and S. S. Muhammad (2020). Adoption, Adaptation, Use and Impact of Information Systems during Pandemic Time and Beyond: Research and Managerial Implications. Information Systems Management 37 (4), 298–302.

[12] C. A. Figueroa and A. Aguilera (2020, 6). The Need for a Mental Health Technology Revolution in the COVID-19 Pandemic. Frontiers in Psychiatry 11.

[13] K. L. Fonner and L. C. Stache (2012). All in a day’s work, at home: Teleworkers’ management of micro role transitions and the work-home boundary. New Technology, Work and Employment 27 (3), 242–257.

[14] S. R. Fussell, L. D. Setlock, and R. E. Kraut (2003). Effects of head-mounted and scene-oriented video systems on remote collaboration on physical tasks. In Proceedings of the conference on Human factors in computing systems - CHI ’03, New York, New York, USA, pp. 513. ACM Press.

[15] S. R. Fussell, L. D. Setlock, J. Yang, J. Ou, E. Mauer, and A. D. Kramer (2004). Gestures over video streams to support remote collaboration on physical tasks. Human-Computer Interaction 19(3), 273–309.

[16] R. S. Gajendran and D. A. Harrison (2007). The Good, the Bad, and the Unknown About Telecommuting: Meta-Analysis of Psychological Mediators and Individual Consequences. Journal of Applied Psychology 92(6), 1524–1541.

[17] D. R. Garfin (2020, 10). Technology as a coping tool during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic: Implications and recommendations. Stress and Health 36(4), 555–559.

[18] S. Gauglitz, C. Lee, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer (2012). Integrating the physical environment into mobile remote collaboration. In Proceedings of the 14th international conference on Human-computer interaction with mobile devices and services -MobileHCI ’12, New York, New York, USA, pp. 241. ACM Press.

[19] S. Gauglitz, B. Nuernberger, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer (2014a). In touch with the remote world: Remote collaboration with augmented reality drawings and virtual navigation. In Proceedings of the ACM Symposium on Virtual Reality Software and Technology, VRST, pp. 197–205.

[20] S. Gauglitz, B. Nuernberger, M. Turk, and T. Höllerer (2014b). World-stabilized annotations and virtual scene navigation for remote collaboration. UIST 2014 - Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology , 449–460.

[21] D. Golinelli, E. Boetto, G. Carullo, A. G. Nuzzolese, M. P. Landini, and M. P. Fantini (2020, 11). Adoption of Digital Technologies in Health Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Systematic Review of Early Scientific Literature. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(11), 23.

[22] H. Y. Huang, C. W. Ning, P. Y. Wang, J. H. Cheng, and L. P. Cheng (2020). Haptic-go-round: A Surrounding Platform for Encounter-type Haptics in Virtual Reality Experiences. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 10.

[23] H. Ishii (1990). Team workstation: Towards a seamless shared workspace. In Proceedings of the 1990 ACM Conference on Computer-Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW 1990, New York, New York, USA, pp. 13–26. ACM Press.

[24] H. Ishii, M. Kobayashi, and J. Grudin (1993). Integration of Interpersonal Space and Shared Workspace: ClearBoard Design and Experiments. ACM Transactions on Information Systems (TOIS) 11(4), 349–375.

[25] H. Ishii and B. Ullmer (1997). Tangible bits: Towards seamless interfaces between people, bits and atoms. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 234–241.

[26] S. M. Kissler, C. Tedijanto, E. Goldstein, Y. H. Grad, and M. Lipsitch (2020, 5). Projecting the transmission dynamics of SARS-CoV-2 through the postpandemic period. Science 368(6493), 860–868.

[27] E. Kleinman, S. Chojnacki, and M. S. El-Nasr (2021). The Gang’s All Here: How People Used Games to cope with COVID19 Quarantine. In Proceedings of 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’ 2021.

[28] H. Kuzuoka (1992). Spatial workspace collaboration: a sharedview video support system for remote collaboration capability. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 533–540.

[29] H. Kuzuoka, T. Kosuge, and M. Tanaka (1994). GestureCam: A video communication system for sympathetic remote collaboration. In Proceedings of the 1994 ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, CSCW 1994, New York, New York, USA, pp. 35–43. ACM Press.

[30] D. Leithinger, S. Follmer, A. Olwal, and H. Ishii (2014, 10). Physical Telepresence: Shape capture and display for embodied, computer-mediated remote collaboration. In UIST 2014 - Proceedings of the 27th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology, pp. 461–470. Association for Computing Machinery, Inc.

[31] J. Liu, W.-H. Cheng, K. Nahrstedt, R. Jain, E. Ricci, and H. Byun (2020). Coping with Pandemics: Opportunities and Challenges for AI Multimedia in the “New Normal”. In ACM International Conference on Multimedia (MM ’20), pp. 4794–4795. ACM.

[32] S. Mann and L. Holdsworth (2003, 11). The psychological impact of teleworking: stress, emotions and health. New Technology, Work and Employment 18(3), 196–211.

[33] H. R. Marston and R. Kowert (2020, 6). What role can videogames play in the COVID-19 pandemic? Emerald Open Research 2, 34.

[34] T. Maruyama, P. G. Hopkinson, and P. W. James (2009). A multivariate analysis of work-life balance outcomes from a large-scale telework programme. New Technology, Work and Employment 24(1), 76–88.

[35] J. Mattern, S. Lansmann, and J. A. Hüllmann (2021). It’s not that bad! Perceived Stress of Knowledge Workers During Enforced Working From Home due to COVID-19. In Proceedings of the 16th International Conference on Wirtschaftsinformatik (WI), Number March.

[36] F. F. H. Nah and K. Siau (2020). Covid-19 pandemic – role of technology in transforming business to the new normal. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (including subseries Lecture Notes in Artificial Intelligence and Lecture Notes in Bioinformatics) 12427 LNCS, 585–600.

[37] Neurons (2017). How virtual reality facilitates social connection.

[38] Nicholas Bloom (2020). How working from home works out. Stanford, Institute for Economic Policy Research (SIEPR) (June), 8.

[39] L. S. Nowell, J. M. Norris, D. E. White, and N. J. Moules (2017). Thematic Analysis: Striving to Meet the Trustworthiness Criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods 16(1).

[40] G. M. Olson and J. S. Olson (2000). Distance Matters. Human –Computer Interaction 15(2-3), 139–178.

[41] T. Piumsomboon, G. A. Lee, J. D. Hart, B. Ens, R. W. Lindeman, B. H. Thomas, and M. Billinghurst (2018). Mini-me: An adaptive avatar for Mixed Reality remote collaboration. Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems -Proceedings 2018-April.

[42] G. Riva, F. Mantovani, and B. K. Wiederhold (2020, 9). Positive technology and COVID-19. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 23(9), 581–587.

[43] O. Rubin, A. Nikolaeva, S. Nello-Deakin, and M. t. Brommelstroet (2020). What can we learn from the COVID-19 pandemic about how people experience working from home and commuting? Technical report, University of Amsterdam.

[44] V. Saladino, D. Algeri, and V. Auriemma (2020). The Psychological and Social Impact of Covid-19: New Perspectives of Well-Being. Frontiers in Psychology 11, 2550.

[45] N. Salari, A. Hosseinian-Far, R. Jalali, A. Vaisi-Raygani, S. Rasoulpoor, M. Mohammadi, S. Rasoulpoor, and B. Khaledi-Paveh (2020). Prevalence of stress, anxiety, depression among the general population during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Globalization and Health 16(50), 11.

[46] D. Sirkin, G. Venolia, J. Tang, G. Robertson, T. Kim, K. Inkpen, M. Sedlins, B. Lee, and M. Sinclair (2011). Motion and attention in a kinetic videoconferencing proxy. In Lecture Notes in Computer Science, pp. 162–180. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.

[47] C. Son, S. Hegde, A. Smith, X. Wang, and F. Sasangohar (2020). Effects of COVID-19 on college students’ mental health in the United States: Interview survey study. Journal of Medical Internet Research 22(9).

[48] K. Stawarz, A. L. Cox, J. Bird, and R. Benedyk (2013). “I’d Sit at Home and Do Work Emails”: How Tablets Affect the Work-Life Balance of Office Workers. In Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, pp. 1383–1388.

[49] L. Sydow (2020). Video Conferencing Apps Surge from Coronavirus Impact.

[50] T. Teo, L. Lawrence, G. A. Lee, M. Billinghurst, and M. Adcock (2019). Mixed reality remote collaboration combining 360 video and 3D reconstruction. In Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - Proceedings, pp. 14. ACM.

[51] C. Trueman (2020). Pandemic leads to surge in video conferencing app downloads.

[52] R. B. Viana and C. A. B. De Lira (2020). Exergames as Coping Strategies for Anxiety Disorders during the COVID-19 Quarantine Period. Games for Health Journal 9(3), 147–149.

[53] L. Waizenegger, B. McKenna, W. Cai, and T. Bendz (2020, 7). An affordance perspective of team collaboration and enforced working from home during COVID-19. European Journal of Information Systems 29(4), 429–442.

[54] B. K. Wiederhold (2020, 7). Connecting through Technology during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic: Avoiding ”zoom Fatigue”. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking 23(7), 437–438.

[55] J. R. Williamson, J. Li, V. Vinayagamoorthy, D. A. Shamma, and P. Cesar (2021). Proxemics and Social Interactions in an Instrumented Virtual Reality Workshop. In Proceedings of 2021 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems - CHI ’ 2021.

[56] S. Wold (2021, 9). COVID-19 is changing how, why and how much we’re using social media. Technical report.

[57] H. Wu and Y. Chen (2020, 7). The impact of work from home (wfh) on workload and productivity in terms of different tasks and occupations. In HCI International 2020 – Late Breaking Papers: Interaction, Knowledge and Social Media. HCII 2020. Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Volume 12427, pp. 693–706. Springer, Cham.

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