Dysgraphia and Learning to Write with Technology – An Evaluation

Dysgraphia is a condition related to issues with children’s writing skills that do not follow a typical writing skill development with prominent dissimilarity to the writing of their peers. In an effort to facilitate the children learning to write, a prototype is designed and developed. A user-based evaluation is performed by comparing samples of handwriting before and after prototype-assisted intervention based on Handwriting Legibility Scale. The results from this evaluation revealed that global legibility and effort to read the text is 92%, layout on the page and letter formation is 96% and alterations to writing is 100%. The analysis of the findings shows positive scores were achieved in the aspects of legibility, long-term memory, correct letter formation, facilitating learning, and automatization in writing.

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Author and article information

Contributors

Husniza Husni

Norsafinar Rahim

Shafinah Parvin Packeer

Zulikha Jamaludin

Conference

Publication date: July 2022

Publication date (Print): July 2022

Pages: 1-6

Affiliations

[0001]School of Computing

Universiti Utara Malaysia

[0002]Human-Centered Computing Lab

Universiti Utara Malaysia

Article

DOI: 10.14236/ewic/HCI2022.17

SO-VID: 606d78a6-90cc-48d3-ba28-c7a557e3f8e3

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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Unported License. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Conference name: 35th International BCS Human-Computer Interaction Conference

Conference acronym: HCI2022

Conference number: 35

Conference location: Keele, Staffordshire

Conference date: July 11th to 13th, 2022

Conference sponsor: Electronic Workshops in Computing (eWiC)

Conference theme: Towards a Human-Centred Digital Society

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1477-9358 BCS Learning & Development

Self URI (article page): https://www.scienceopen.com/hosted-document?doi=10.14236/ewic/HCI2022.17

Self URI (journal page): https://ewic.bcs.org/

REFERENCES

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Ariffin, M., Othman, Tt. Z. N. T., Aziz, N. S., Mehat, M., & Izza Arshad, N. (2018). Dysgraphi Coach: Mobile Application for Dysgraphia Children in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.36), 440.
Asselborn, T., Gargot, T., Kidziński, Ł., Johal, W., Cohen, D., Jolly, C., & Dillenbourg, P. (2018). Automated human-level diagnosis of dysgraphia using a consumer tablet. Npj Digital Medicine, 1(1), 42.
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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Ahmad, S. Z., Jinon, N. I., & Rosmani, A. F. (2013). MathLexic: An Assistive multimedia mathematical learning aid for dyslexia children. In IEEE Business Engineering and Industrial Applications Colloquium (BEIAC). 390-394.

[2] Ariffin, M., Othman, Tt. Z. N. T., Aziz, N. S., Mehat, M., & Izza Arshad, N. (2018). Dysgraphi Coach: Mobile Application for Dysgraphia Children in Malaysia. International Journal of Engineering & Technology, 7(4.36), 440.

[3] Asselborn, T., Gargot, T., Kidziński, Ł., Johal, W., Cohen, D., Jolly, C., & Dillenbourg, P. (2018). Automated human-level diagnosis of dysgraphia using a consumer tablet. Npj Digital Medicine, 1(1), 42.

[4] Barnett, A., Prunty, M., & Rosenblum, S. (2013). Development of the handwriting legibility scale (HLS): An examination of reliability and validity. Paper presented at the International Graphonomics Society Conference, Nara, Japan.

[5] Barnett, A. L., Prunty, M., & Rosenblum, S. (2018). Development of the Handwriting Legibility Scale (HLS): A preliminary examination of Reliability and Validity. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 240–247.

[6] Becht, L. C. (2005). The sensible pencil: a handwriting program. Birmingham, AL: ACT Learning, LLC.

[7] Berninger, V., & Wolf, B. (2016). Dyslexia, Dysgraphia, OWL LD, and Dyscalculia: Lessons from Science and Teaching (Second ed.). Paul H Brookes Publishing, Baltimore, Maryland.

[8] Berninger, V. W., Nagy, W., Tanimoto, S., Thompson, R., & Abbott, R. D. (2015). Computer instruction in handwriting, spelling, and composing for students with specific learning disabilities in grades 4-9. Computers & Education, 81, 154-168.

[9] Chung, P. J., Patel, D. R., & Nizami, I. (2020). Disorder of written expression and dysgraphia : definition , diagnosis , and management. Translational Pediatrics, 9(3), 46–54.

[10] Fadilawati Abdul Rahman., Fattawi Mokhtar., Nor Aziah Alias., & Ronaldi Saleh. (2012). Multimedia Elements as Instructional for Dyslexic Children. International Journal of Education and Information Technology, 6(4).

[11] Farrall, M. (2012). Reading assessment: Linking language, literacy, and cognition. John Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, New Jersey:

[12] Gerth, S., Klassert, A., Dolk, T., Fliesser, M., Fischer, M. H., Nottbusch, G., & Festman, J. (2016). Is Handwriting Performance Affected by the Writing Surface ? Comparing Preschoolers’, Second Graders’, and Adults’ Writing Performance on a Tablet vs. Paper. Frontiers in Psychology, 7(September), 1–18.

[13] Giordano, D., & Maiorana, F. (2014). Addressing dysgraphia with a mobile, web-based software with interactive feedback. IEEE-EMBS International Conference on Biomedical and Health Informatics (BHI), 264-268.

[14] Giordano, D., & Maiorana, F. (2015). A mobile web game approach for improving dysgraphia. Proceedings of the 7th International Conference on Computer Supported Education, 1, 328–333.

[15] Hape, K., Flood, N., McArthur, K., Sidara, C., Stephens, C., Welsh, K., (2014). A Pilot Study of the Effectiveness of the Handwriting Without Tears® Curriculum in First Grade. Journal of Occupational Therapy, Schools, & Early Intervention, 7(3-4), 284- 293.

[16] Kandel, S., Lassus-Sangosse, D., Grosjacques, G., & Perret, C. (2017). The impact of developmental dyslexia and dysgraphia on movement production during word writing. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(3–4), 219–251.

[17] Lifshitz, N., & Har-Zvi, S. (2015). A comparison between students who receive and who do not receive a writing readiness interventions on handwriting quality, speed and positive reactions. Early Childhood Education Journal, 43, 47-55.

[18] Lippincott, C. (2017). Get a grip on dysgraphia http://www.makethegradeot.com/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/Dysgraphia-Presentation-June-20-2017.pdf (November 18, 2017)

[19] Maldarelli, J. E., Kahrs, B. A., Hunt, S. C., and Lockman, J. J. (2015). Development of early handwriting: visual-motor control during letter copying. Development Psychology. 51, 879–888.

[20] Mather, D.S. (2012). Ipsilateral printing in children's mirror-writing: a cause of specific learning disabilities? Canadian journal of experimental psychology, 66(3), 172-80.

[21] Martins, M.I., Bastos, J.A., Cecato, A.M., Araujo, M.D., Magro, R., & Alaminos, V. (2013). Screening for motor dysgraphia in public schools. Jornal de Pediatria, 89(1), 70-4.

[22] McCloskey, M., & Rapp, B. (2017). Developmental dysgraphia: An overview and framework for research. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(3–4), 65–82.

[23] Miceli, G., & Capasso, R. (2006). Spelling and dysgraphia. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(1), 110–134.

[24] Montgomery, D. (2007). Spelling handwriting and dyslexia. Routledge, New York.

[25] Nielsen, J. (2000). Why you only need to test with five users. https://www.nngroup.com/articles/why -you-only-need-to-test-with-5-users/.

[26] Prunty, M., & Barnett, A. L. (2017). Understanding handwriting difficulties: A comparison of children with and without motor impairment. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 34(3–4), 205–218.

[27] Rahim, N., Husni, H., & Jamaludin, Z. (2021). Technology-assisted dysgraphic children handwriting model. Malaysian Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 5 (1), 49-59.

[28] Rahim, N., & Jamaludin, Z. (2019). Write-rite: Enhancing handwriting proficiency of children with dysgraphia. Journal of Information and Communication Technology, 18(3), 253-271.

[29] Saleh, Y. (2016). Pembangunan Ujian Diagnostik Kemahiran Menulis Mekanis Bahasa Melayu. PhD Thesis. Universiti Pendidikan Sultan Idris.

[30] Six, J. M., & Macefield, R. (2016). How to Determine the Right Number of Participants for Usability Studies. https://www.uxmatters.com/mt/archives/2016/01/how-to-determine-the-right-number-of-participants-for-usability-studies.php#:~:text=In%20summary%2C%20research%20suggests%20that,when%20testing%20more%20novel%20designs.

[31] Tariq, R., & Latif, S. (2016). A Mobile Application to Improve Learning Performance of Dyslexic Children with Writing Difficulties. Educational Technology & Society, 19(4), 151–166.

[32] Trauner, D.A., & Lo, W.D. (2014). Big strokes for little folks. Neurology, 82(9), 742-3.

[33] Valdez, S. B. (2017). The Effect of Handwriting Without Tears on Montessori Four-year-olds’ Handwriting Ability. Saint Catherine University (Master dissertation). https://sophia.stkate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1245&context=maed (October 17, 2017).

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