This article explores the historical and structural roots of poverty in Nigeria, arguing that colonial powers weaponized socio-economic disparities to maintain control over their colonies. Through an analysis of post-colonial economic policies, education systems, and social stratification, we illustrate how these inherited structures have perpetuated poverty as a tool for exploitation. By examining various sources, including Uche (2021) and relevant academic literature, this study highlights the ways in which colonial legacies continue to shape Nigeria’s economic landscape, ultimately hindering national development and contributing to ongoing inequality.