Black Holes, Ergospheres, and Event Horizons: Analysis of the Most Common Misunderstandings in General Relativity

Concepts like gravitational redshift, time dilation, ergospheres, horizons, and general covariance have always represented a major interpretative obstacle for scholars. Indeed, they sparked great debates in the world of physics on the theoretical and experimental/empirical levels. For this reason, it is essential to create an analytical approach that can eliminate any unreasonable doubt. In this brief paper, we address the above problems individually, providing a rational explanation and arguing with examples and counterexamples. Finally, a general definition of gravitational time dilation is proposed.