Scrutinizing E-Learning in Rural India: Covid-19 Pandemic- A Systematic Literature Review

The $247 million e-learning industry in 2016 is grown to $1.96 billion by 2021 at a CAGR of 52%. The Covid-19 epidemic has given a boost to the e-learning market evolution. Online learning has become the dominant teaching platform, with schools, universities, and other educational institutions closed to avoid epidemics. The research objective is to study the impact of E-learning during Covid-19 in rural India. Understand the dimensions of digital adaptation and its impact on rural Indian education institutions. A systematic review is conducted by collecting and reviewing 110 research articles about E-learning. After carefully considering the articles discussing E-learning in rural India, 46 articles are reviewed to extract the meta-information about the e-learning adaptation, impact, and challenges faced in educational institutions in rural India. The research yielded ten themes related to the acceptance and challenges of E-learning in rural India. Impact and challenges in implementing and usability of E-learning platforms in rural India show more difficulties. The research has also discovered a limitation of parents’ knowledge and challenges in the cognitive abilities of students in accepting E-learning during the Covid-19 lockdowns. According to this review, many gaps exist between India’s e-learning development companies, governments, and educational institutions. Better E-learning platforms and business execution in remote rural India have expected if the three stakeholder groups establish a bridge. For a better understanding of e-learning in rural India, future research would include field surveys and interviews with all stakeholders.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Title: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 22 September 2022

Affiliations

[1 ] School of Marketing, TU Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland

Author notes

[* ]Email: d20129748@ 123456mytudublin.ie .

Author information

Sunny Grewal https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9881-9935

Article

DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPKUXGN.v1

SO-VID: d32798e1-091a-4fdf-a774-3fae6c506d3a

License:

This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www.scienceopen.com .

History

Date received : 22 September 2022

Funding

Ministry of Social Justice & Empowerment, Government of India K-11015/83/2021-SCD-V(NOS)

Data availability: Data sharing not applicable to this article as no datasets were generated or analysed during the current study.

ScienceOpen disciplines: Economic development,Business & Corporate economics,Urban, Rural & Regional economics

Keywords: Indian Education,Government of India,ICT,Covid-19,E-learning,Cognitive Behavior,Rural India,Online Education,Lack of resources

References

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Alvi Muzna, Gupta Manavi. Learning in times of lockdown: how Covid-19 is affecting education and food security in India. Food Security. Vol. 12(4):793–796. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
Kundu Arnab, Bej Tripti. COVID-19 response: students’ readiness for shifting classes online. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Vol. 21(6):1250–1270. 2021. Emerald. [Cross Ref]
Bhavnani Supriya, Mukherjee Debarati, Bhopal Sunil, Sharma Kamal Kant, Dasgupta Jayashree, Divan Gauri, Soremekun Seyi, Roy Reetabrata, Kirkwood Betty, Patel Vikram. The association of a novel digital tool for assessment of early childhood cognitive development, ‘DEvelopmental assessment on an E-Platform (DEEP)’, with growth in rural India: A proof of concept study. eClinicalMedicine. Vol. 37:2021. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Chatterjee Sheshadri, Majumdar Dipasree, Misra Sanjay, Damaševičius Robertas. Adoption of mobile applications for teaching-learning process in rural girls’ schools in India: an empirical study. Education and Information Technologies. Vol. 25(5):4057–4076. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
Chen Jie, Kanjilal-Bhaduri Sanghamitra, Pastore Francesco. Updates on Returns to Education in India: Analysis Using Plfs 2018-19 Data. SSRN Electronic Journal. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Cinquin Pierre-Antoine, Guitton Pascal, Sauzéon Hélène. Online e-learning and cognitive disabilities: A systematic review. Computers & Education. Vol. 130:152–167. 2019. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Kundu Arnab. Barriers to Utilizing ICT in Education in India with a Special Focus on Rural Areas. 2018. Unpublished. [Cross Ref]
Drèze Jean, Kingdon Geeta Gandhi. School Participation in Rural India. Review of Development Economics. Vol. 5(1):1–24. 2001. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Dwivedi Yogesh K., Hughes D. Laurie, Coombs Crispin, Constantiou Ioanna, Duan Yanqing, Edwards John S., Gupta Babita, Lal Banita, Misra Santosh, Prashant Prakhar, Raman Ramakrishnan, Rana Nripendra P., Sharma Sujeet K., Upadhyay Nitin. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on information management research and practice: Transforming education, work and life. International Journal of Information Management. Vol. 55:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Guarte Jacqueline M., Barrios Erniel B.. Estimation Under Purposive Sampling. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation. Vol. 35(2):277–284. 2006. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]
Gupta Yuvika, Khan Farheen Mujeeb, Agarwal Sonal. Exploring Factors Influencing Mobile Learning in Higher Education – A Systematic Review. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM). Vol. 15(12)2021. International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE). [Cross Ref]
Hair Joe F., Ringle Christian M., Sarstedt Marko. PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. Vol. 19(2):139–152. 2011. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]
Hassan M Mubasher, Mirza Tabasum. The Digital Literacy in Teachers of the Schools of Rajouri (J&K)-India: Teachers Perspective. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering. Vol. 11(1):28–40. 2021. MECS Publisher. [Cross Ref]
Et. al. Salman Hussain,. IMPACT OF THE DIGITAL DIVIDE ON DIGITAL LEARNING IN ASSAM: ECONOMIC CAUSES BEHIND IT. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY. Vol. 9(2):936–940. 2021. Auricle Technologies, Pvt., Ltd. [Cross Ref]
Jagathkar Anitha, Jain Deepak. Digitized Education: A New Social Divide between Rural and Urban India. IARS International Research Journal. Vol. 10(1)2020. International Association of Research Scholars. [Cross Ref]
JENA PRAVAT KUMAR. Impact of Covid-19 on Higher Education in India. Center for Open Science. [Cross Ref]
Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Education in India: A Case Study. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government. Vol. 27(3)2021. Siree Journals. [Cross Ref]
Kapasia Nanigopal, Paul Pintu, Roy Avijit, Saha Jay, Zaveri Ankita, Mallick Rahul, Barman Bikash, Das Prabir, Chouhan Pradip. Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and Youth Services Review. Vol. 116:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
KarthiyaBanu R., Sundar C., Umarani S.. Indian Rural Students e-learning behavior using Structural Equation Modeling — A Novel Approach. 2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4). 2020. IEEE. [Cross Ref]
Harper Dean, Kim Jae-On, Mueller Charles W.. Introduction to Factor Analysis: What It Is and How to Do It. Contemporary Sociology. Vol. 9(4)1980. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
JENA PRAVAT KUMAR. Online Learning During Lockdown Period For Covid-19 In India. Center for Open Science. [Cross Ref]
Kundu Arnab, Bej Tripti. Ingestion and integration of ICTs for pedagogy in Indian private high schools. E-Learning and Digital Media. Vol. 18(2):163–184. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
T. B. Lalitha, P. S. Sreeja. An Analysis on E-Learning and Its RecommendationsAdvances in Data Mining and Database Management. p. 166–187. 2021. IGI Global. [Cross Ref]
Lee Dong Kyu, In Junyong, Lee Sangseok. Standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. Vol. 68(3)2015. The Korean Society of Anesthesiologists. [Cross Ref]
Liu Yongmei, Yan Xi, Sun Yuhua. A Meta-analysis of Virtual Team Communication Based on IPO Model. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on E-Business Intelligence. 2010. Atlantis Press. [Cross Ref]
Mahapatra Ananya, Sharma Prerna. Education in times of COVID-19 pandemic: Academic stress and its psychosocial impact on children and adolescents in India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. Vol. 67(4):397–399. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
Maity Sudarshan, Sahu Tarak Nath, Sen Nabanita. Panoramic view of digital education in COVID‐19: A new explored avenue. Review of Education. Vol. 9(2):405–423. 2021. Wiley. [Cross Ref]
Mathivanan Sandeep Kumar, Jayagopal Prabhu, Ahmed Shakeel, Manivannan S. S., Kumar P. J., Raja Kiruba Thangam, Dharinya S. Sree, Prasad R. Giri. Adoption of E-Learning during Lockdown in India. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management. 2021. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]
Mehta Nikhil, Chauhan Sumedha, Gupta Parul, Jaiswal Mahadeo P.. Pursuing Digital Learning Platform Success: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of User and Cultural Contingencies. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. Vol. 48(1):305–332. 2021. Association for Information Systems. [Cross Ref]
Michela Esther, Rosenberg Joshua M., Kimmons Royce, Sultana Omiya, Burchfield Macy A., Thomas Tayla. “We Are Trying to Communicate the Best We Can”: Understanding Districts’ Communication on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic. AERA Open. Vol. 8:2022. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
Mishra Lokanath, Gupta Tushar, Shree Abha. Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open. Vol. 1:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Singh Archana, Sharma Sarika, Paliwal Manisha. Adoption intention and effectiveness of digital collaboration platforms for online learning: the Indian students’ perspective. Interactive Technology and Smart Education. Vol. 18(4):493–514. 2021. Emerald. [Cross Ref]
Parthasarathi Ashwaghosha, Puvvada Rahul Krishna, Basappa S, Krishna Mamidipudi Thirumala, P A Mahesh. Global intention of the general public to undergo COVID-19 vaccination: time trends and risk factors for vaccine refusal, a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Wellcome Open Research. Vol. 7:2022. F1000 Research Ltd. [Cross Ref]
Ray Arghya, Bala Pradip Kumar, Chakraborty Shibashish, Dasgupta Shilpee A.. Exploring the impact of different factors on brand equity and intention to take up online courses from e-Learning platforms. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. Vol. 59:2021. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Saxena Charu, Baber Hasnan, Kumar Pardeep. Examining the Moderating Effect of Perceived Benefits of Maintaining Social Distance on E-learning Quality During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. Vol. 49(4):532–554. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
Sharma Dheeraj, Joshi Poonam. Reopening Schools in India During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. Vol. 67(2)2021. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]
St»hle Lars, Wold Svante. Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. Vol. 6(4):259–272. 1989. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Suneja Vivek, Bagai Shabani. Examining the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Online Education: Reviewing the Indian Schooling System Based on the Perspective of Major Indian E-tutoring Platforms. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]
Yadav Miklesh Prasad, Arora Madhu, Kumari Sunil, Nandal Sanjay. STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON DIGITAL LEARNING DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITY. Journal of Content Community and Communication. Vol. 12:107–116. 2020. Amity University Madhya Pradesh Gwalior. [Cross Ref]

Comments

Muhammad Hazeel Ahmed wrote:

The Methodolgy is interestingly defined.

2022-10-12 08:24 UTC

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Comment on this article

[1] Agoramoorthy Govindasamy, Hsu Minna J.. How the Coronavirus Lockdown Impacts the Impoverished in India. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities. Vol. 8(1):1–6. 2021. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[2] Alexandrova Anna, Haybron Daniel M.. Is Construct Validation Valid? Philosophy of Science. Vol. 83(5):1098–1109. 2016. Cambridge University Press (CUP). [Cross Ref]

[3] Alvi Muzna, Gupta Manavi. Learning in times of lockdown: how Covid-19 is affecting education and food security in India. Food Security. Vol. 12(4):793–796. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[4] Kundu Arnab, Bej Tripti. COVID-19 response: students’ readiness for shifting classes online. Corporate Governance: The International Journal of Business in Society. Vol. 21(6):1250–1270. 2021. Emerald. [Cross Ref]

[5] Bhavnani Supriya, Mukherjee Debarati, Bhopal Sunil, Sharma Kamal Kant, Dasgupta Jayashree, Divan Gauri, Soremekun Seyi, Roy Reetabrata, Kirkwood Betty, Patel Vikram. The association of a novel digital tool for assessment of early childhood cognitive development, ‘DEvelopmental assessment on an E-Platform (DEEP)’, with growth in rural India: A proof of concept study. eClinicalMedicine. Vol. 37:2021. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[6] Chatterjee Sheshadri, Majumdar Dipasree, Misra Sanjay, Damaševičius Robertas. Adoption of mobile applications for teaching-learning process in rural girls’ schools in India: an empirical study. Education and Information Technologies. Vol. 25(5):4057–4076. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[7] Chen Jie, Kanjilal-Bhaduri Sanghamitra, Pastore Francesco. Updates on Returns to Education in India: Analysis Using Plfs 2018-19 Data. SSRN Electronic Journal. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[8] Cinquin Pierre-Antoine, Guitton Pascal, Sauzéon Hélène. Online e-learning and cognitive disabilities: A systematic review. Computers & Education. Vol. 130:152–167. 2019. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[9] Kundu Arnab. Barriers to Utilizing ICT in Education in India with a Special Focus on Rural Areas. 2018. Unpublished. [Cross Ref]

[10] Drèze Jean, Kingdon Geeta Gandhi. School Participation in Rural India. Review of Development Economics. Vol. 5(1):1–24. 2001. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[11] Dwivedi Yogesh K., Hughes D. Laurie, Coombs Crispin, Constantiou Ioanna, Duan Yanqing, Edwards John S., Gupta Babita, Lal Banita, Misra Santosh, Prashant Prakhar, Raman Ramakrishnan, Rana Nripendra P., Sharma Sujeet K., Upadhyay Nitin. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on information management research and practice: Transforming education, work and life. International Journal of Information Management. Vol. 55:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[12] Guarte Jacqueline M., Barrios Erniel B.. Estimation Under Purposive Sampling. Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation. Vol. 35(2):277–284. 2006. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[13] Gupta Yuvika, Khan Farheen Mujeeb, Agarwal Sonal. Exploring Factors Influencing Mobile Learning in Higher Education – A Systematic Review. International Journal of Interactive Mobile Technologies (iJIM). Vol. 15(12)2021. International Association of Online Engineering (IAOE). [Cross Ref]

[14] Hair Joe F., Ringle Christian M., Sarstedt Marko. PLS-SEM: Indeed a Silver Bullet. Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice. Vol. 19(2):139–152. 2011. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[15] Hassan M Mubasher, Mirza Tabasum. The Digital Literacy in Teachers of the Schools of Rajouri (J&K)-India: Teachers Perspective. International Journal of Education and Management Engineering. Vol. 11(1):28–40. 2021. MECS Publisher. [Cross Ref]

[16] Et. al. Salman Hussain,. IMPACT OF THE DIGITAL DIVIDE ON DIGITAL LEARNING IN ASSAM: ECONOMIC CAUSES BEHIND IT. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN INDUSTRY. Vol. 9(2):936–940. 2021. Auricle Technologies, Pvt., Ltd. [Cross Ref]

[17] Jagathkar Anitha, Jain Deepak. Digitized Education: A New Social Divide between Rural and Urban India. IARS International Research Journal. Vol. 10(1)2020. International Association of Research Scholars. [Cross Ref]

[18] JENA PRAVAT KUMAR. Impact of Covid-19 on Higher Education in India. Center for Open Science. [Cross Ref]

[19] Impact of Covid-19 Pandemic on Education in India: A Case Study. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government. Vol. 27(3)2021. Siree Journals. [Cross Ref]

[20] Kapasia Nanigopal, Paul Pintu, Roy Avijit, Saha Jay, Zaveri Ankita, Mallick Rahul, Barman Bikash, Das Prabir, Chouhan Pradip. Impact of lockdown on learning status of undergraduate and postgraduate students during COVID-19 pandemic in West Bengal, India. Children and Youth Services Review. Vol. 116:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[21] KarthiyaBanu R., Sundar C., Umarani S.. Indian Rural Students e-learning behavior using Structural Equation Modeling — A Novel Approach. 2020 Fourth World Conference on Smart Trends in Systems, Security and Sustainability (WorldS4). 2020. IEEE. [Cross Ref]

[22] Harper Dean, Kim Jae-On, Mueller Charles W.. Introduction to Factor Analysis: What It Is and How to Do It. Contemporary Sociology. Vol. 9(4)1980. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[23] JENA PRAVAT KUMAR. Online Learning During Lockdown Period For Covid-19 In India. Center for Open Science. [Cross Ref]

[24] Kundu Arnab, Bej Tripti. Ingestion and integration of ICTs for pedagogy in Indian private high schools. E-Learning and Digital Media. Vol. 18(2):163–184. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[25] T. B. Lalitha, P. S. Sreeja. An Analysis on E-Learning and Its RecommendationsAdvances in Data Mining and Database Management. p. 166–187. 2021. IGI Global. [Cross Ref]

[26] Lee Dong Kyu, In Junyong, Lee Sangseok. Standard deviation and standard error of the mean. Korean Journal of Anesthesiology. Vol. 68(3)2015. The Korean Society of Anesthesiologists. [Cross Ref]

[27] Liu Yongmei, Yan Xi, Sun Yuhua. A Meta-analysis of Virtual Team Communication Based on IPO Model. Proceedings of the 2010 International Conference on E-Business Intelligence. 2010. Atlantis Press. [Cross Ref]

[28] Mahapatra Ananya, Sharma Prerna. Education in times of COVID-19 pandemic: Academic stress and its psychosocial impact on children and adolescents in India. International Journal of Social Psychiatry. Vol. 67(4):397–399. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[29] Maity Sudarshan, Sahu Tarak Nath, Sen Nabanita. Panoramic view of digital education in COVID‐19: A new explored avenue. Review of Education. Vol. 9(2):405–423. 2021. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[30] Mathivanan Sandeep Kumar, Jayagopal Prabhu, Ahmed Shakeel, Manivannan S. S., Kumar P. J., Raja Kiruba Thangam, Dharinya S. Sree, Prasad R. Giri. Adoption of E-Learning during Lockdown in India. International Journal of System Assurance Engineering and Management. 2021. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[31] Mehta Nikhil, Chauhan Sumedha, Gupta Parul, Jaiswal Mahadeo P.. Pursuing Digital Learning Platform Success: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of User and Cultural Contingencies. Communications of the Association for Information Systems. Vol. 48(1):305–332. 2021. Association for Information Systems. [Cross Ref]

[32] Michela Esther, Rosenberg Joshua M., Kimmons Royce, Sultana Omiya, Burchfield Macy A., Thomas Tayla. “We Are Trying to Communicate the Best We Can”: Understanding Districts’ Communication on Twitter During the COVID-19 Pandemic. AERA Open. Vol. 8:2022. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[33] Mishra Lokanath, Gupta Tushar, Shree Abha. Online teaching-learning in higher education during lockdown period of COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Educational Research Open. Vol. 1:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[34] Singh Archana, Sharma Sarika, Paliwal Manisha. Adoption intention and effectiveness of digital collaboration platforms for online learning: the Indian students’ perspective. Interactive Technology and Smart Education. Vol. 18(4):493–514. 2021. Emerald. [Cross Ref]

[35] Parthasarathi Ashwaghosha, Puvvada Rahul Krishna, Basappa S, Krishna Mamidipudi Thirumala, P A Mahesh. Global intention of the general public to undergo COVID-19 vaccination: time trends and risk factors for vaccine refusal, a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Wellcome Open Research. Vol. 7:2022. F1000 Research Ltd. [Cross Ref]

[36] Ray Arghya, Bala Pradip Kumar, Chakraborty Shibashish, Dasgupta Shilpee A.. Exploring the impact of different factors on brand equity and intention to take up online courses from e-Learning platforms. Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services. Vol. 59:2021. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[37] Saxena Charu, Baber Hasnan, Kumar Pardeep. Examining the Moderating Effect of Perceived Benefits of Maintaining Social Distance on E-learning Quality During COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Educational Technology Systems. Vol. 49(4):532–554. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[38] Sharma Dheeraj, Joshi Poonam. Reopening Schools in India During The Covid-19 Pandemic. Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. Vol. 67(2)2021. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]

[39] St»hle Lars, Wold Svante. Analysis of variance (ANOVA). Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems. Vol. 6(4):259–272. 1989. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[40] Suneja Vivek, Bagai Shabani. Examining the Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Online Education: Reviewing the Indian Schooling System Based on the Perspective of Major Indian E-tutoring Platforms. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective. 2021. SAGE Publications. [Cross Ref]

[41] Yadav Miklesh Prasad, Arora Madhu, Kumari Sunil, Nandal Sanjay. STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION ON DIGITAL LEARNING DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD IN INDIA: AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF RURAL AND URBAN COMMUNITY. Journal of Content Community and Communication. Vol. 12:107–116. 2020. Amity University Madhya Pradesh Gwalior. [Cross Ref]