Norovirus: Vaccine Challenges and Development

Noroviruses are a group of single-stranded RNA pathogens that cause acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Due to the high rates of mutation and evolution in the viruses, creating an effective vaccine to treat norovirus has been difficult. Factors such as the type of vaccine – live attenuated, subunit, or virus like particles – and target age group have limited progress in development. To better understand the best vaccine types and target groups for norovirus vaccine development, continuous research on the subjects will be encouraged. It will be shown that use of virus-like particles (VLPs) and a pediatric target group are the most effective options due to the versatility of VLPs and higher projected norovirus prevention rates for pediatric vaccination. The result of research will be useful to scientists creating norovirus vaccines and will help provide new perspectives for future research.

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Title: ScienceOpen Preprints

Publisher: ScienceOpen

Publication date (Electronic preprint): 18 November 2021

Affiliations

[1 ] Department of Biology, North Carolina A & T State University, 1601 E Market Street, Greensboro NC USA

[2 ] Department of Biological Science, Winston-Salem State University, 601 S Martin Luther King Jr Dr, Winston Salem NC USA

Author notes

[* ]Email: chloeemehel@ 123456gmail.com .

Author information

Chloe Emehel https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9528-8240

Article

DOI: 10.14293/S2199-1006.1.SOR-.PPYGOKU.v1

SO-VID: 6a79329e-8c51-46d9-94e0-56b808c64cef

License:

This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www.scienceopen.com .

History

Date received : 18 November 2021

Data availability: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

ScienceOpen disciplines: Microbiology & Virology,Life sciences

Keywords: norovirus,vaccine,challenges,development

References

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Burke Rachel M., Tate Jacqueline E., Kirkwood Carl D., Steele A. Duncan, Parashar Umesh D.. Current and new rotavirus vaccines. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. Vol. 32(5):435–444. 2019. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). [Cross Ref]
Chang Jun. Adenovirus Vectors: Excellent Tools for Vaccine Development. Immune Network. Vol. 21(1)2021. The Korean Association of Immunobiologists. [Cross Ref]
Esposito Susanna, Principi Nicola. Norovirus Vaccine: Priorities for Future Research and Development. Frontiers in Immunology. Vol. 11:2020. Frontiers Media SA. [Cross Ref]
Fuenmayor J., Gòdia F., Cervera L.. Production of virus-like particles for vaccines. New Biotechnology. Vol. 39:174–180. 2017. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Hallowell Benjamin D., Parashar Umesh D., Hall Aron J.. Epidemiologic challenges in norovirus vaccine development. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. Vol. 15(6):1279–1283. 2019. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]
Iloghalu Uchenna, Holmes Bryce, Khatiwada Janak, Williams Leonard L.. Selected Plant Extracts Show Antiviral Effects against Murine Norovirus Surrogate. Advances in Microbiology. Vol. 09(04):372–384. 2019. Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. [Cross Ref]
U Lloghalu, P Khatiwada. Phytochemicals: Natural Remedies for Emerging Viral Infection. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. Vol. 04(05)2015. OMICS Publishing Group. [Cross Ref]
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Parra Gabriel I. Emergence of norovirus strains: A tale of two genes. Virus Evolution. Vol. 5(2)2019. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]
Qian Ciying, Liu Xinlin, Xu Qin, Wang Zhiping, Chen Jie, Li Tingting, Zheng Qingbing, Yu Hai, Gu Ying, Li Shaowei, Xia Ningshao. Recent Progress on the Versatility of Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines. Vol. 8(1)2020. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]
Robilotti Elizabeth, Deresinski Stan, Pinsky Benjamin A.. Norovirus. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 28(1):134–164. 2015. American Society for Microbiology. [Cross Ref]
Tohma Kentaro, Lepore Cara J., Martinez Magaly, Degiuseppe Juan I., Khamrin Pattara, Saito Mayuko, Mayta Holger, Nwaba Amy U. Amanda, Ford-Siltz Lauren A., Green Kim Y., Galeano Maria E., Zimic Mirko, Stupka Juan A., Gilman Robert H., Maneekarn Niwat, Ushijima Hiroshi, Parra Gabriel I.. Genome-wide analyses of human noroviruses provide insights on evolutionary dynamics and evidence of coexisting viral populations evolving under recombination constraints. PLOS Pathogens. Vol. 17(7)2021. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [Cross Ref]
Wang Leyi, Cao Dianjun, Wei Chao, Meng Xiang-Jin, Jiang Xi, Tan Ming. A dual vaccine candidate against norovirus and hepatitis E virus. Vaccine. Vol. 32(4):445–452. 2014. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Xia Ming, Tan Ming, Wei Chao, Zhong Weiming, Wang Leyi, McNeal Monica, Jiang Xi. A candidate dual vaccine against influenza and noroviruses. Vaccine. Vol. 29(44):7670–7677. 2011. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
Zhang Mudan, Fu Ming, Hu Qinxue. Advances in Human Norovirus Vaccine Research. Vaccines. Vol. 9(7)2021. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]

Comments

Chakia McClendon wrote:

This article is in great condiction. There were a few paragraph that were not indented, that can be fixed. - C. McClendon

2022-06-20 17:43 UTC

Chakia McClendon wrote:

This article is in great condition. There were a few paragraph that were not indented, that can be fixed. - C. McClendon

2022-06-20 17:42 UTC

Chakia McClendon wrote:

This article is in great condition. There were a few paragraph that were not indented, that can be fixed. - C. McClendon

2022-06-20 17:42 UTC

Chakia McClendon wrote:

This article is in great condition. There were a few paragraphs that were not indented, that can be fixed. - C. McClendon

2022-06-20 17:41 UTC

Comment on this article

[1] Belshe Robert B., Edwards Kathryn M., Vesikari Timo, Black Steven V., Walker Robert E., Hultquist Micki, Kemble George, Connor Edward M.. Live Attenuated versus Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Infants and Young Children. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 356(7):685–696. 2007. Massachusetts Medical Society. [Cross Ref]

[2] Burke Rachel M., Tate Jacqueline E., Kirkwood Carl D., Steele A. Duncan, Parashar Umesh D.. Current and new rotavirus vaccines. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases. Vol. 32(5):435–444. 2019. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). [Cross Ref]

[3] Chang Jun. Adenovirus Vectors: Excellent Tools for Vaccine Development. Immune Network. Vol. 21(1)2021. The Korean Association of Immunobiologists. [Cross Ref]

[4] Esposito Susanna, Principi Nicola. Norovirus Vaccine: Priorities for Future Research and Development. Frontiers in Immunology. Vol. 11:2020. Frontiers Media SA. [Cross Ref]

[5] Fuenmayor J., Gòdia F., Cervera L.. Production of virus-like particles for vaccines. New Biotechnology. Vol. 39:174–180. 2017. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[6] Hallowell Benjamin D., Parashar Umesh D., Hall Aron J.. Epidemiologic challenges in norovirus vaccine development. Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics. Vol. 15(6):1279–1283. 2019. Informa UK Limited. [Cross Ref]

[7] Iloghalu Uchenna, Holmes Bryce, Khatiwada Janak, Williams Leonard L.. Selected Plant Extracts Show Antiviral Effects against Murine Norovirus Surrogate. Advances in Microbiology. Vol. 09(04):372–384. 2019. Scientific Research Publishing, Inc. [Cross Ref]

[8] U Lloghalu, P Khatiwada. Phytochemicals: Natural Remedies for Emerging Viral Infection. Medicinal & Aromatic Plants. Vol. 04(05)2015. OMICS Publishing Group. [Cross Ref]

[9] Nguyen Gia Thanh, Phan Kevin, Teng Ian, Pu Jian, Watanabe Toru. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of norovirus in cases of gastroenteritis in developing countries. Medicine. Vol. 96(40)2017. Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health). [Cross Ref]

[10] Parra Gabriel I. Emergence of norovirus strains: A tale of two genes. Virus Evolution. Vol. 5(2)2019. Oxford University Press (OUP). [Cross Ref]

[11] Qian Ciying, Liu Xinlin, Xu Qin, Wang Zhiping, Chen Jie, Li Tingting, Zheng Qingbing, Yu Hai, Gu Ying, Li Shaowei, Xia Ningshao. Recent Progress on the Versatility of Virus-Like Particles. Vaccines. Vol. 8(1)2020. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]

[12] Robilotti Elizabeth, Deresinski Stan, Pinsky Benjamin A.. Norovirus. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 28(1):134–164. 2015. American Society for Microbiology. [Cross Ref]

[13] Tohma Kentaro, Lepore Cara J., Martinez Magaly, Degiuseppe Juan I., Khamrin Pattara, Saito Mayuko, Mayta Holger, Nwaba Amy U. Amanda, Ford-Siltz Lauren A., Green Kim Y., Galeano Maria E., Zimic Mirko, Stupka Juan A., Gilman Robert H., Maneekarn Niwat, Ushijima Hiroshi, Parra Gabriel I.. Genome-wide analyses of human noroviruses provide insights on evolutionary dynamics and evidence of coexisting viral populations evolving under recombination constraints. PLOS Pathogens. Vol. 17(7)2021. Public Library of Science (PLoS). [Cross Ref]

[14] Wang Leyi, Cao Dianjun, Wei Chao, Meng Xiang-Jin, Jiang Xi, Tan Ming. A dual vaccine candidate against norovirus and hepatitis E virus. Vaccine. Vol. 32(4):445–452. 2014. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[15] Xia Ming, Tan Ming, Wei Chao, Zhong Weiming, Wang Leyi, McNeal Monica, Jiang Xi. A candidate dual vaccine against influenza and noroviruses. Vaccine. Vol. 29(44):7670–7677. 2011. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[16] Zhang Mudan, Fu Ming, Hu Qinxue. Advances in Human Norovirus Vaccine Research. Vaccines. Vol. 9(7)2021. MDPI AG. [Cross Ref]