INTRODUCTION
Infectious diseases, with their unpredictable and far-reaching consequences, have been an important part of human history. To control the spread of infectious diseases worldwide, and protect people’s lives and safety, regular analysis of global infectious disease cases is critical. In the past month, cases of COVID-19 and monkeypox (Mpox) have significantly decreased. On January 30, 2023, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 pandemic continues to constitute a public health emergency of international concern, regarding the management of the COVID-19 pandemic transition period and mitigating potential negative effects. Meanwhile, the United States is having its worst influenza season since the COVID-19 pandemic. Dengue, measles and cholera remain public health concerns worldwide. Simultaneously, more attention should also be paid to certain sporadic infectious diseases, such as Chikungunya fever, legionellosis, poliomyelitis, avian influenza and scarlet fever, to avoid global pandemics. The global prevalence of low-incidence infectious diseases from December 24, 2022 to January 23, 2023 was mapped by using the Global Outbreak Information Surveillance System (Fig 1).
COVID-19
COVID-19 has rapidly overwhelmed the world since its sudden outbreak in 2019. In the past month, global cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection reached more than 50 million according to the WHO. The Western Pacific region had the largest proportion, at 89.86%, as compared with only 0.04% in the Eastern Mediterranean region and 0.05% in the Southeast Asia region. Although the epidemic was severe in the Western Pacific region, daily new cases of COVID-19 decreased continually from a peak above 5 million to a trough of approximately 100,000, thus indicating that effective strategies might have been able to prevent further local spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) (Fig 2A, B).
Owing to continuing mutation of SARS-CoV-2, the ongoing pandemic has resulted in severe morbidity and mortality in the past 3 years. The global deaths due to COVID-19 reached approximately 134,000 over the past month, among which the Western Pacific region accounted for the highest proportion (67.08%), followed by the Americas (16.52%), Europe (15.66%), Southeast Asia (0.5%), the Eastern Mediterranean (0.16%) and Africa (0.08%). The daily deaths in the Western Pacific region remained above 1,000, peaking at approximately 4,500 in the middle of the past month, then decreasing to approximately 1,500 (Fig 2C, D).
MPOX
Mpox, an emerging zoonotic disease, has become a global concern, owing to the increasing number of human outbreaks in recent months [1]. Approximately 1,400 Mpox cases were reported by the WHO in the past month, occurring primarily in the Americas (Fig 3A). The daily reported Mpox cases in different regions are described in detail in Fig 3B-D. Compared with the previous epidemic data released by the WHO, the global Mpox infections substantially decreased over the past month. However, strategies such as vaccination with smallpox vaccine remain necessary to control the re-emergence of the Mpox virus.
CHOLERA
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is an infectious disease occurring mainly in developing countries with deficiencies in water quality [2]. The disease remains endemic in approximately 17 countries, primarily Afghanistan and Syria, according to the data shown in Table 1. In 2022, the cumulative reported cholera cases exceeded 240,000 in Afghanistan (Table 1). Thus, oral cholera vaccines should be recommended for use in resource-limited settings to control and prevent outbreaks. Furthermore, improving environmental health conditions, such as water and sanitation, remains an effective approach to limiting the spread of cholera.
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
02/12/2022–08/12/2022 | Cameroon | 14 | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–27/11/2022 | Nigeria | 20768(498) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
16/10/2022–18/12/2022 | Kenya | 2959(55) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Bangladesh | 170 | WHO | |
01/01/2022–10/12/2022 | Philippines | 6126(74) | Philippine Department of Health | |
13/01/2022–18/12/2022 | Mozambique | 3930(21) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Zimbabwe | 31 | 6342(76) | Philippine Ministry of Health |
20/10/2022–28/12/2022 | Dominican Republic | 10 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
29/10/2022–15/01/2023 | 9 | |||
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Afghanistan | 2819(1) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 2782 | 242562(87) | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 2940 | |||
26/12/2022–01/01/2023 | Haiti | 2877(89) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 679(14) | |||
02/10/2022–14/01/2023 | 24232(483) | |||
05/10/2022–28/12/2022 | Lebanon | 5698(23) | Lebanese Ministry of Public Health | |
29/12/2022–04/01/2023 | 173 | |||
05/01/2023–11/01/2023 | 193 | |||
12/01/2023–18/01/2023 | 132 | |||
05/12/2022–11/12/2022 | Somalia | 265 | 13907(73) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | 544(4) | 14824(83) | ||
26/12/2022–01/01/2023 | 385(1) | 15653(88) | ||
03/03/2022–18/12/2022 | Malawi | 13437(398) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
19/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 1627(72) | |||
26/12/2022–07/01/2023 | 5463(217) | |||
01/01/2022–30/12/2022 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 14290(262) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2023–06/01/2023 | Burundi | 42 | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
27/08/2022–13/12/2022 | Ethiopia | 654(24) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
14/12/2022–19/12/2022 | 37 | |||
20/12/2022–29/12/2022 | 119(3) | |||
25/08/2022–07/01/2023 | Syria | 77561(100) | U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |
DENGUE
Dengue, the most common mosquito-borne disease, is caused by four antigenically related but distinct serotypes dengue virus (DENV-1 to DENV-4) transmitted by Aedes spp. mosquitos [3]. The data in Table 2 show that the greatest burden of the disease was reported in tropical and subtropical regions, such as Brazil, where the cumulative dengue cases in the entire year of 2022 exceeded 2 million. Meanwhile, more than 200,000 dengue cases were found in Vietnam, Zimbabwe and the Philippines (Table 2). Without effective intervention measures, Dengue is predicted to increase in terms of both disease burden and geographic range in the future.
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Brazil | 2926 | 2363490(929) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Zimbabwe | 327 | 220705(722) | Philippine Ministry of Health |
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | Vietnam | 7350(1) | 354282(133) | Outbreak News Today |
19/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 6266 | 361813(133) | ||
26/12/2022–01/01/2023 | 4275 | 367729(140) | WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Malaysia | 1950(5) | 62060(49) | Malaysian Ministry of Health |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 2024(6) | 66102(56) | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 2219(1) | |||
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Singapore | 272 | 31892 | Singapore Environment Agency |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 285 | 32175 | ||
01/01/2023–14/01/2023 | 563 | |||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Cambodia | 1654 | 66531(46) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 1277 | 67808(47) | ||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Peru | 907 | 71352(80) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 575 | 71927(82) | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 924 | 72851(84) | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Colombia | 1689 | 69497(48) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
18/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Mexico | 2190 | 59918(53) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Nicaragua | 2585 | 93890 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 2025 | 95915 | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 1626 | 97541 | ||
01/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Bangladesh | 5024(27) | 62382(281) | Outbreak News Today |
01/01/2023–15/01/2023 | 399(3) | Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare | ||
16/01/2023–19/01/2023 | 55(2) | |||
10/12/2022–16/12/2022 | Sri Lanka | 1241 | 61773 | Sri Lanka Ministry of Health |
31/12/2022–06/01/2023 | 980 | |||
07/01/2023–13/01/2023 | 1158 | |||
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Nepal | 54784(88) | Nepal Ministry of Health | |
01/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Thailand | 2897(2) | Thailand Ministry of Public Health | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Venezuela | 356 | 10835(17) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 265 | |||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Panama | 191 | 10918(4) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 137 | |||
01/12/2022–05/12/2022 | Pakistan | 76210(136) | ProMED-mail | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Bolivia | 924 | 14660(9) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
04/12/2022–10/12/2022 | Philippines | 699(1) | 216927(693) | Philippine Department of Health |
MEASLES
Measles is a vaccine-preventable, highly contagious disease caused by an RNA virus [4]. However, owing to the limited immunization campaigns and political conflicts in many countries, a global resurgence in measles has been observed since 2016. In the past month, many countries have faced measles outbreaks, particularly Afghanistan (Table 3). The eradication of measles is feasible, but effective vaccination, access to the healthcare systems and public engagement are urgently needed.
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
01/01/2022–28/12/2022 | South Sudan | 2745(31) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
29/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 424 | |||
10/04/2022–04/12/2022 | Zimbabwe | 7720(747) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
05/12/2022–18/12/2022 | 23 | |||
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Afghanistan | 592(2) | 76519(388) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 675(1) | 77210(389) | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 588(3) | |||
08/01/2023–14/01/2023 | 633(2) | |||
28/11/2022–11/12/2022 | Somalia | 490 | 16578(629) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean |
12/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 515 | |||
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Brazil | 3569 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
18/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 109 | |||
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Mexico | 2493 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
18/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 36 | |||
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Venezuela | 1859 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Cuba | 1594 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Colombia | 1091 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
18/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 34 | |||
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Paraguay | 575 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
18/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 77 | |||
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Niger | 14108(32) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–18/12/2022 | Senegal | 468(2) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
19/12/2022–01/01/2023 | 21 | |||
13/06/2022–25/12/2022 | Zambia | 2137(31) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–11/01/2023 | Nigeria | 31846 | WHO | |
11/10/2022–17/12/2022 | South Africa | 227 | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 70 | Outbreak News Today | ||
25/12/2022–14/01/2023 | 100 | |||
01/01/2022–11/01/2023 | Ivory Coast | 5993 | WHO | |
01/01/2022–18/12/2022 | Ethiopia | 13294(76) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–11/12/2022 | Central African republic | 1447(3) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
26/06/2022–11/12/2022 | Kenya | 392(2) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–11/12/2022 | Chad | 302611) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–11/12/2022 | Mali | 751(1) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–18/12/2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 139435(1740) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Chile | 285 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Ecuador | 248(1) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
INFLUENZA
Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by the influenza A and B viruses [5]. It is generally prevalent from January to March and July to August. According to the U.S. CDC, the 2022–2023 influenza season, in which 16,000–48,000 people have died from influenza, is the worst influenza season since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. Although influenza activity is currently declining with respect to that in December (Table 4), a second influenza peak may occur in the future, as has been observed in some influenza seasons, according to John Huddleston, a staff scientist at the Bedford Laboratory at the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center. The epidemic of influenza provides a reminder that COVID-19 is not the only viral disease that must be considered, and that influenza remains a major public health threat.
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
28/11/2022–11/12/2022 | Australia | 1608 | 230175 | Australian Department of Health |
03/01/2022–11/12/2022 | Netherlands | 11403 | WHO | |
03/01/2022–18/12/2022 | Iran | 12096 | WHO | |
03/01/2022–18/12/2022 | Qatar | 5964 | WHO | |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Canada | 2841 | Public Health Agency of Canada | |
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | Zimbabwe | 1749 | Public Health Agency of Canada | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | U.S.A. | 33202 | U.S. CDC | |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 18816 | |||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 14027 | |||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 8281 | |||
01/01/2022–25/12/2022 | Malaysia | 4867 | WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific | |
01/01/2022–25/12/2022 | Singapore | 890 | WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific | |
01/01/2022–25/12/2022 | Laos | 629 | WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific | |
03/01/2022–01/01/2023 | France | 36430 | WHO | |
03/01/2022–01/01/2023 | Denmark | 20818 | WHO | |
03/01/2022–08/01/2023 | Norway | 24665 | WHO | |
03/01/2022–11/12/2022 | Spain | 14887 | WHO | |
03/01/2022–08/01/2023 | 17046 |
CHIKUNGUNYA FEVER
Chikungunya fever, a febrile disease, is caused by chikungunya virus, and is associated with long-term sequelae of arthralgia and myalgia [6]. It is distributed primarily in tropical and subtropical regions where the winter temperature is above 18°C. In the past month, some cases were reported in Malaysia, Peru, Guatemala, Paraguay and Brazil (Table 5). Among them, Paraguay has had a marked increase and high number of cases. The proximity of mosquito breeding sites to human habitation areas is a risk factor for Chikungunya fever; therefore, prevention and control measures should focus on limiting hospitable environments for mosquitoes and removing containers in which mosquitoes breed.
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
01/01/2022–27/11/2022 | Thailand | 1109 | European Union CDC | |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Bolivia | 232 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Brazil | 172082(93) | Outbreak News Today | |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 339 | 265289(75) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Paraguay | 696 | 1997 | Paraguay Health Ministry |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 664 | 2661 | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 1242 | 3903 | ||
27/11/2022–24/12/2022 | Guatemala | 133 | 1933 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Peru | 399 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 76 | 475 | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 120 | 595 | ||
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Venezuela | 189 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | El Salvador | 154 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Malaysia | 22 | 785 | Malaysian Ministry of Health |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 13 | 814 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 25 |
LEGIONELLOSIS
Legionellosis is a severe respiratory disease found in not only natural habitats, such as freshwater reservoirs, watercourses, moist soil and composted material, but also in man-made water systems, such as plumbing systems, air-conditioning units, bathtubs and showers [7]. Outbreaks of legionellosis have occasionally been reported worldwide (Table 6).
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Taiwan, China | 12 | 349 | China Taiwan Disease Control Agency |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 13 | 362 | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 20 | 382 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 11 | |||
01/01/2022–24/12/2022 | Hong Kong, China | 80 | China Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection | |
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 4 | |||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | U.S.A. | 31 | U.S. CDC | |
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | Japan | 20 | 2085 | Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases |
19/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 17 | 2106 | ||
02/01/2023–08/01/2023 | 24 |
OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES
Beyond those described above, many other infectious diseases have been endemic worldwide in the past month. Detailed data are listed in Table 7, including those for diphtheria; Salmonella; Leptospira; hepatitis C; rickettsia tsutsugamushi; chickenpox; mumps; Lassa fever; whooping cough; Zika virus; hantavirus; typhoid fever; tuberculosis; West Nile fever; bacillary dysentery; Nipah virus; avian influenza; rift valley fever; amoebic dysentery; meningitis; scarlet fever; melioidosis; hepatitis A; yellow fever; anthrax; pneumococcal infection; norovirus; campylobacteriosis; hand, foot and mouth disease; hepatitis B; Crimean hemorrhagic fever; enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli; poliomyelitis; and malaria. To avoid pandemics, these endemic diseases must be monitored.
Occurrence | Location | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported during record period | Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2022 | Data source |
---|---|---|---|---|
Diphtheria | ||||
14/12/2022–21/12/2022 | Germany | 52 | 116 | European Union CDC |
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | United Kingdom | 5 | 67 | British Health and Safety Authority |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Bangladesh | 9 | 433(2) | WHO |
Salmonella | ||||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | U.S.A. | 262 | 46542 | U.S. CDC |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 205 | 47234 | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 126 | 49028 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 307 | |||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Singapore | 16 | 1317 | Health Ministry of Singapore |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 28 | 1368 | ||
07/12/2022–06/01/2023 | Sweden | 22 | Outbreak News Today | |
Leptospira | ||||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Philippines | 12 | 4240(499) | Philippine Ministry of Health |
10/12/2022–16/12/2022 | Sri Lanka | 195 | 6544 | Sri Lanka Ministry of Health |
17/12/2022–23/12/2022 | 163 | 6766 | ||
31/12/2022–06/01/2023 | 66 | |||
07/01/2023–13/01/2023 | 68 | |||
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Puerto Rico | 944(14) | Outbreak News Today | |
12/2022 | Thailand | 274(4) | 3601(44) | Thailand Ministry of Health |
Hepatitis C | ||||
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Taiwan, China | 22 | 497 | China Taiwan Disease Control Agency |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 16 | 513 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 13 | |||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Korea | 147 | 8396 | Korea CDC |
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 122 | |||
Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi | ||||
02/01/2023–08/01/2023 | Japan | 15 | Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Taiwan, China | 8 | 269 | China Taiwan Disease Control Agency |
Chickenpox | ||||
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Korea | 377 | 18386 | Korea CDC |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 322 | 18735 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 327 | |||
12/2022 | Thailand | 705 | 12793 | Thailand Ministry of Health |
Mumps | ||||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Taiwan, China | 10 | 306 | China Taiwan Disease Control Agency |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Singapore | 3 | 168 | The Health Ministry of Singapore |
2022.12.18–2022.12.24 | Korea | 139 | 6345 | Korea CDC |
08/01/2023–14/01/2023 | 118 | |||
Lassa Fever | ||||
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | Nigeria | 74 | 7981(183) | Nigeria CDC |
26/12/2022–01/01/2023 | 12 | 8202(189) | ||
Whooping Cough | ||||
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Afghanistan | 86(2) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 21 | |||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 38 | |||
08/01/2023–14/01/2023 | 16 | |||
Zika Virus | ||||
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | Bolivia | 173 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
01/01/2022–17/12/2022 | El Salvador | 171 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas | |
04/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Brazil | 164 | 32892(4) | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | Paraguay | 137 | 785 | Paraguay Health Ministry |
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 309 | 1094 | ||
04/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Guatemala | 32 | 1717 | WHO Regional Office for the Americas |
Hantavirus Infections | ||||
01/01/2022–21/12/2022 | Panama | 36 | ProMED-mail | |
22/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 3 | Outbreak News Today | ||
16/01/2023 | 1 | ProMED-mail | ||
Typhoid Fever | ||||
01/01/2022–10/12/2022 | Philippines | 15092(62) | Outbreak News Today | |
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | 95 | 15619(62) | Philippine Ministry of Health | |
Tuberculosis | ||||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | Korea | 347 | 16884 | Korea CDC |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 384 | 16611 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 320 | |||
08/01/2023–14/01/2023 | 324 | |||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | U.S.A. | 55 | 5537 | U.S. CDC |
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | Japan | 206 | 14093 | Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases |
19/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 197 | |||
02/01/2023–08/01/2023 | 89 | |||
12/2022 | Thailand | 507 | 8944(11) | Thailand Ministry of Health |
West Nile Fever | ||||
01/01/2022–10/01/2023 | U.S.A. | 1035(79) | U.S. CDC | |
Bacillary Dysentery | ||||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | U.S.A. | 80 | 12786 | U.S. CDC |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 70 | 13043 | ||
25/12/2022–31/12/2022 | 62 | 13458 | ||
01/01/2023–07/01/2023 | 131 | |||
11/11/2022–22/12/2022 | Sweden | 30 | Outbreak News Today | |
Nipah Virus | ||||
01/01/2023–10/01/2023 | Bangladesh | 1 | Outbreak News Today | |
Avian Influenza (H5N1) | ||||
10/01/2023 | Ecuador | 1 | Outbreak News Today | |
Rift Valley Fever | ||||
29/08/2022–25/12/2022 | Mauritania | 53(24) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
Amoebic Dysentery | ||||
12/2022 | Thailand | 114 | 1245 | Thailand Ministry of Health |
01/01/2012–07/01/2023 | Taiwan, China | 9 | China Taiwan Disease Control Agency | |
Meningitis | ||||
31/10/2022–21/12/2022 | Niger | 279(9) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
22/12/2022–01/01/2023 | 97(3) | |||
02/06/2022–30/12/2022 | Democratic Republic of Congo | 165(26) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
Scarlet Fever | ||||
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | United Kingdom | 19736 | British Health and Safety Authority | |
19/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 6350 | |||
02/01/2023–08/01/2023 | 1452 | |||
Melioidosis | ||||
17/12/2022–23/12/2022 | Hong Kong, China | 3 | 46(7) | China Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection |
14/01/2023–20/01/2023 | 1 | |||
Hepatitis A | ||||
08/01/2023–14/01/2023 | Korea | 20 | Korea CDC | |
Yellow Fever | ||||
28/11/2022–04/12/2022 | Cameroon | 15 | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
31/03/2022–29/11/2022 | Republic of the Congo | 4 | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
Anthrax | ||||
24/11/2022–22/12/2022 | Philippines | 12 | ProMED-mail | |
01/01/2022–14/12/2022 | Zimbabwe | 263 | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
13/03/2022–04/12/2022 | South Sudan | 141(5) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
Pneumococcal Infection | ||||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | U.S.A. | 267 | 13640 | U.S. CDC |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 238 | 14136 | ||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Taiwan, China | 14 | 192 | China Taiwan Disease Control Agency |
18/12/2022–24/12/2022 | 10 | 202 | ||
Norovirus | ||||
15/12/2022–20/12/2022 | U.S.A. | 298 | U.S. CDC | |
Campylobacteriosis | ||||
11/12/2022–17/12/2022 | Singapore | 6 | 563 | Singapore Ministry of Health |
Hand, Foot, and Mouth Disease | ||||
12/2022 | Thailand | 2753 | 98982 | Thailand Ministry of Health |
Hepatitis B | ||||
12/2022 | Thailand | 266 | 5304 | Thailand Ministry of Health |
Crimean Hemorrhagic Fever | ||||
12/07/2022–13/12/2022 | Uganda | 6(2) | WHO Regional Office for Africa | |
01/01/2022–24/12/2022 | Afghanistan | 388(15) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
01/01/2022–25/12/2022 | Iraq | 1360(114) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli | ||||
12/12/2022–18/12/2022 | Japan | 43 | 3272 | Japan National Institute of Infectious Diseases |
19/12/2022–25/12/2022 | 45 | 3330 | ||
Poliomyelitis | ||||
21/12/2022–27/12/2022 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 1(cVDPV1) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
28/12/2022–03/01/2023 | 2(cVDPV1)/11(cVDPV2) | |||
04/01/2023–10/01/2023 | 17(cVDPV1)/15(cVDPV2) | |||
14/12/2022–20/12/2022 | Sudan | 1(cVDPV2) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
14/12/2022–20/12/2022 | Yemen | 1(cVDPV2) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
21/12/2022–27/12/2022 | Chad | 3(cVDPV2) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
21/12/2022–27/12/2022 | Cameroon | 1(cVDPV2) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
28/12/2022–03/01/2023 | Algeria | 1(cVDPV2) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
28/12/2022–03/01/2023 | Central African Republic | 1(cVDPV2) | Global Poliomyelitis Network | |
Malaria | ||||
01/01/2022–25/12/2022 | Sudan | 1649627(113) | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
01/09/2022–25/12/2022 | Pakistan | 777226 | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
01/01/2022–11/12/2022 | Zimbabwe | 273297 | WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean | |
01/01/2022–31/12/2022 | Bangladesh | 53776 | WHO |
CONCLUSION
COVID-19 has posed an unprecedented global health crisis since its outbreak in 2019, and the introduction of several vaccines has brought hope to a virus-weary world. However, the continuing emergence of variants of SARS-CoV-2 has prompted a question of whether COVID-19 eradication remains possible, given the limited health care resources and fatigue of the epidemic. This question has no conclusive answer. However, multiple strategies including proper sanitation and hygiene, efficacious vaccines and antiviral drugs would accelerate the elimination process.
In this influenza season, many individuals in America have been affected by influenza, and a second influenza peak is projected to emerge in the near future. The reasons for the rebound in influenza virus might be attributable to the relaxation of public health and social distancing strategies, and low population influenza immunity. Therefore, surveillance of influenza activity is important in the post-COVID-19 era. In contrast, the number of global Mpox infection cases significantly decreased in the past month, although surveillance systems and routine immunization programs still must be improved to control further spread of Mpox virus.
Mosquito-borne diseases, including dengue, Chikungunya fever and Zika, remain prevalent in tropical and subtropical regions, such as Brazil. Emergence and re-emergence of arboviruses is influenced by climate change factors, including rising temperatures, precipitation and human activity. Human activities involving travel, urbanization, deforestation and reforestation affect virus-mosquito-primate host interactions, and consequently viral transmission in both domestic and wild environments. Thus, efficient prevention of arboviral disease outbreaks must include mosquito control strategies that interrupt human-vector contact.
Overall, the outbreaks of multiple infectious diseases occurred primarily in the regions of Africa, South America and Southeast Asia, given their geographical locations and climatic conditions. The public health infrastructure and response efficiency of individual countries may determine outbreak severity. Therefore, governments and public health authorities must adopt comprehensive and effective strategies tailored to local epidemics, to mitigate or even eliminate the threats caused by infectious diseases.