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      Global Infectious Diseases in April 2023: Monthly Analysis

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            Abstract

            Thousands of years have passed since infectious diseases first endangered human health as the most potentially lethal and debilitating diseases worldwide. The global incidence of infectious diseases has increased significantly over the past decades, such as COVID-19, cholera, dengue, and influenza. Key elements in combating and controlling diseases include monitoring and reporting infectious disease timelines and geographic distribution. We obtained surveillance data from Shusi Tech’s Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System and comprehensively analyzed the timing and location of outbreaks in infected populations from 24 March 2023 to 23 April 2023. Recent worldwide outbreaks of infectious diseases highlight the need to implement effective monitoring strategies and warning systems.

            Main article text

            INTRODUCTION

            As the world becomes more and more globalized, health and illnesses have no borders. Economic integration, industrialization, urbanization, and mass migration are intricately intertwined, making the current world fraught with a variety of public health risks. It is clear that humans face increasing, substantial health threats due to the emergence of infectious diseases, which cause significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. Several infectious diseases in humans (e.g., COVID-19) have emerged in recent years, causing serious public health issues, environmental degradation, and diminished quality of life. The outbreak of new infectious diseases, the persistence of reported infectious diseases, and the increase in antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms have all seriously threatened human health. Indeed, comprehending the spatial and temporal distribution of infectious diseases is a challenging task.

            To maximize visualization of the regional and pattern of developing infectious diseases, we utilized Shusi Tech’s Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System to conduct a perform a systematic and comprehensive analysis of global infectious diseases from 24 March 2023 to 23 April 2023 (Fig 1).

            FIGURE 1 |

            Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases from 24 March 2023 to 23 April 2023.

            COVID-19

            COVID-19 is a contagious disease that is caused by coronavirus 2 and associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-2) [1]. There were approximately 2.4 million new cases and 13,000 deaths globally attributed to COVID-19 in the last month (24 March – 23 April 2023), which were decreased by 33% and 50%, respectively, compared to the previous 30 days, indicating that the infectious disease pandemic caused by COVID-19 had an overall positive trend (Fig 2). The World Health Organization (WHO) officially announced on 5 May (Beijing time) that the COVID-19 outbreak no longer constitutes a “public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC).” This declaration is evidence that the global pandemic has reached an end, and it is an essential milestone in the ongoing fight against the virus; however, it is imperative to bear in mind that COVID-19 continues to pose a threat and should not be underestimated. Keeping a vigilant watch over the COVID cases in the US and Europe is crucial, and taking additional precautions is imperative.

            FIGURE 2 |

            Statistics on new confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 worldwide daily. A, C New cases and deaths of COVID-19 reported daily in the above continents. B, D Continent-specific proportions of new cases and deaths about COVID-19 (24 March 2023 – 23 April 2023; data were obtained from the World Health Organization website [https://COVID19.who.int/]).

            CHOLERA

            Cholera is an illness that causes severe watery diarrhea and dehydration. Cholera is spread by consuming contaminated food or water containing Vibrio cholerae [2]. Our evaluation of the published data revealed an ongoing outbreak of cholera in Syria, Malawi, and Haiti from 24 March 2023 to 23 April 2023. The number of confirmed cases and deaths globally is high, as shown in Table 1. This issue requires further attention.

            TABLE 1 |

            Worldwide cholera cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationCumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the record periodCumulative deaths reported during the record periodData source
            01/01/2023–12/03/2023Somalia2573 (20)7WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
            25/08/2022–04/03/2023Syria100598 (2869)104
            05/03/2023–19/03/20235361 (7)0
            03/03/2022–18/03/2023Malawi544911677WHO Regional Office for Africa
            19/03/2022–26/03/2023129528
            27/03/2023–04/04/202397717
            05/04/2023–15/04/2023102314Outbreak News Today
            14/09/2022–20/03/2023Mozambique1085475WHO
            21/03/2023–28/03/2023695610WHO Regional Office for Africa
            29/03/2023–04/04/2023467212
            05/10/2022–27/03/2023Lebanon7125 (671)23Lebanese Ministry of Public Health
            01/01/2023–12/03/2023Yemen17243WHO
            01/01/2023–05/03/2023Democratic Republic of the Congo590138United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            01/01/2023–05/03/2023Nigeria92232Nigerian CDC
            06/03/2023–02/04/2023983
            02/10/2022–24/03/2023Haiti37251 (2553)640Ministry of Public Health and Population, Haiti
            25/03/2023–03/04/2023736 (39)10
            04/04/2023–11/04/2023827 (25)15
            25/10/2021–12/03/2023Cameroon15309311WHO
            22/02/2023–23/03/2023South Sudan461 (4)2United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            24/03/2023–27/03/2023380WHO Regional Office for Africa
            20/01/2023–09/04/2023Zambia331 (103)8WHO
            13/03/2023–30/03/2023Cameroon130WHO Regional Office for Africa
            05/10/2022–09/04/2023Kenya8584 (282)137
            13/03/2023–26/03/2023Somalia855 (13)14United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            27/03/2023–02/04/20235873
            06/03/2023–19/03/2023Democratic Republic of the Congo13429
            27/08/2022–27/03/2023Ethiopia237051WHO Regional Office for Africa
            28/03/2023–03/04/20233876
            05/10/2022–17/04/2023Lebanon7384 (671)23Lebanese Ministry of Public Health
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Philippines10067Philippines Department of Health
            26/03/2023–01/04/202346
            27/03/2023Eswatini0 (1)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            03/02/2023–27/03/2023South Africa0 (11)1
            01/01/2023–08/04/2023Burundi247 (66)1
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023Bangladesh26WHO
            20/03/2023–07/04/2023Dominican Republic(3)WHO Regional Office for the Americas

            MPOX

            MPOX is a disease caused by the monkeypox virus (MPV) that results in fevers and an erythematous rash [3]. Between 24 March 2023 and 23 April 2023 there have been new cases of MPOX, mainly in the Americas and the western Pacific region. Of 255 new cases, 65% were in the Americas and 23% were in the western Pacific region, as indicated in Table 2, Fig 3.

            TABLE 2 |

            Worldwide MPOX cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            RegionDateCumulative confirmed cases reported during the record periodCumulative deaths reported during the record periodNew probable cases during the record period
            African Region
            2023/3/24100
            2023/3/24300
            2023/3/24700
            2023/3/31400
            European Region
            2023/4/41600
            2023/3/28100
            2023/4/11200
            2023/4/4200
            2023/4/4300
            2023/4/11300
            Region of the Americas
            2023/3/24100
            2023/3/28100
            2023/3/29200
            2023/4/4100
            2023/4/11200
            2023/4/18100
            2023/3/261201
            2023/4/3301
            2023/4/8401
            2023/4/18300
            2023/4/214111
            2023/4/4200
            2023/4/1200
            2023/4/19100
            2023/4/18100
            2023/3/26700
            2023/3/31400
            2023/4/15300
            2023/4/16010
            2023/3/29200
            2023/4/15300
            2023/4/5600
            2023/3/26100
            2023/4/5010
            2023/3/25100
            2023/3/31800
            2023/4/5010
            2023/4/13210
            2023/4/14400
            2023/3/29200
            2023/4/61910
            2023/4/12700
            2023/4/7500
            2023/4/14210
            2023/4/1300
            2023/4/15300
            2023/3/24900
            2023/4/111500
            2023/3/291200
            2023/3/31400
            2023/4/1700
            2023/4/5110
            2023/4/7400
            2023/4/124530
            2023/4/14100
            2023/4/15320
            2023/4/19200
            2023/4/221000
            Southeast Asia Region
            2023/3/25100
            2023/4/5100
            Western Pacific Region
            2023/3/28500
            2023/4/10100
            2023/4/201500
            2023/3/24400
            2023/3/291700
            2023/3/30200
            2023/4/41300
            2023/4/7100
            2023/4/121200
            2023/4/7100
            2023/4/14400
            2023/4/16100
            2023/4/17200
            2023/4/21700
            2023/4/23200
            2023/3/30100
            2023/4/14100
            Eastern Mediterranean Region
            2023/4/21100
            2023/4/5100
            FIGURE 3 |

            Statistics of the continent with new confirmed, probable, and deaths cases involving MPOX (24 March 2023 – 23 April 2023; data were obtained from the World Health Organization website [https://Mpox.who.int/]).

            DENGUE

            Dengue is a disease spread by mosquitoes that can cause a severe illness [4]. Dengue is found in several regions worldwide, including Africa, the eastern Mediterranean, the Americas, southeast Asia, and the western Pacific. Despite efforts to prevent and treat dengue, it remains a challenging task. In the past month (24 March - 23 April 2023), Nicaragua and Colombia have reported the highest proportion of dengue cases. While Brazil has the highest number of suspected cases, confirmed cases are uncertain (Table 3).

            TABLE 3 |

            Worldwide dengue cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationCumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the record periodCumulative confirmed cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2023Data source
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Nicaragua21334 (408)WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            19/03/2023–25/03/20232021
            02/04/2023–08/04/20231178
            01/01/2023–11/03/2023Columbia19018 (9370)2
            12/03/2023–18/03/20231752
            19/03/2023–25/03/20232015
            26/03/2023–01/04/20232217
            02/04/2023–08/04/20231627
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Malaysia2375316Ministry of Health, Malaysia
            19/03/2023–25/03/202324691
            02/04/2023–08/04/202322392
            09/04/2023–15/04/202323991
            11/03/2023–17/03/2023Sri Lanka959Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
            18/03/2023–24/03/20231214
            25/03/2023–31/03/20231211
            01/04/2023–07/04/2023290
            21/03/2023–27/03/2023Bangladesh0 (20)Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Bangladesh
            28/03/2023–10/04/20230 (59)
            11/04/2023–18/04/20230 (32)
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023Singapore127Singapore Environment Agency
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023110
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023114
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Argentina0 (4512)WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            19/03/2023–25/03/20230 (5720)
            26/03/2023–01/04/202311193
            02/04/2023–08/04/202312497
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Mexico1075
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023Vietnam1345WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
            27/03/2023–02/04/2023822ProMED-mail
            01/01/2023–25/03/2023Philippines2988596WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
            26/03/2023–01/04/20235751
            01/01/2023–23/03/2023Laos670China Xinhua News Network Corporation
            26/03/2023–01/04/20230 (98)
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Cambodia104WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023104
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023Bolivia8147WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023Peru3767
            26/03/2023–01/04/20235483
            02/04/2023–08/04/20234990
            26/02/2023–01/04/2023Brazil515961
            01/01/2023–15/04/2023Taiwan, China30Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
            01/01/2023–20/04/2023Hong Kong, China8Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China

            MEASLES

            Measles is a febrile illness that is incredibly contagious and caused by a virus. Measles can spread when someone coughs, sneezes, or comes into contact with the nasal secretions of an infected individual. From 24 March 2023 to 23 April 2023, Congo and India reported tens of thousands of suspected measles cases, with other countries having an even higher incidence. These countries should be considered critical areas for preventing an epidemic, as shown in Table 4.

            TABLE 4 |

            Worldwide measles cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationCumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the record periodCumulative deaths reported during the record periodData source
            01/01/2022–16/03/2023South Sudan5433 (4856)53WHO Regional Office for Africa
            16/03/2023–26/03/2023377 (351)5United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            01/01/2023–05/03/2023Democratic Republic of the Congo40960467
            05/03/2023–19/03/2023579055
            01/01/2023–26/03/202357167 (909)649WHO Regional Office for Africa
            01/01/2023–28/03/2023Kazakhstan(82)Outbreak News Today
            01/01/2023–21/03/2023Austria(89)EU CDC
            01/01/2023–11/04/2023(108)ProMED-mail
            26/02/2023–11/03/2023Paraguay278WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            26/03/2023–08/04/202364
            26/02/2023–11/03/2023Mexico107
            12/03/2023–25/03/202367
            26/03/2023–08/04/202378
            26/02/2023–11/03/2023Brazil116
            12/03/2023–25/03/202327
            26/03/2023–08/04/2023125
            26/02/2023–11/03/2023Columbia101
            12/03/2023–25/03/202342
            26/03/2023–08/04/202379
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Niger423 (50)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            01/01/2023–12/03/2023Chad1973 (210)2
            01/01/2023–02/04/2023Cameroon1440
            08/10/2022–24/03/2023South Africa(838)
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023(53)
            02/04/2023–08/04/202332ProMED-mail
            01/01/2023–19/03/2023Kenya99 (64)3WHO Regional Office for Africa
            14/03/2023–29/03/2023Armenia(35)Outbreak News Today
            01/01/2023–25/03/2023Bangladesh194 (11)WHO
            12/03/2023–25/03/2023Cuba236WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            11/04/2023Hong Kong, China(1)Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
            01/01/2023–26/03/2023Mali263 (94)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            01/01/2023–26/03/2023Senegal(180)
            11/04/2023Taiwan, China(1)Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
            01/01/2023–31/03/2023Ethiopia3529 (2168)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            01/01/2023–11/04/2023India39429 (29357)WHO
            01/01/2023–11/04/2023Indonesia5052 (1282)
            01/01/2023–11/04/2023Pakistan4304 (2054)
            01/01/2023–11/04/2023Nepal980 (721)
            01/01/2023–11/04/2023Malaysia780 (45)

            INFLUENZA

            Humans are at risk of acute respiratory diseases caused by influenza viruses. Similar to the common cold, influenza is caused by a virus that changes its antigenic determinants to avoid detection by the human immune system. Compared to other infectious diseases, the incidence of influenza in the last month (24 March 2023 – 23 April 2023) was highest in the US, Australia, and France, with no deaths reported (Table 5). Influenza transmission rates are seasonal and typically decrease when the weather gets warmer. As a result, these infections become less common during those times.

            TABLE 5 |

            Worldwide influenza cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationCumulative confirmed cases (deaths) reported during the record periodData source
            02/01/2023–19/03/2023The Netherlands8281WHO
            02/01/2023–12/03/2023Sweden10205
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023USA535US CDC
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023626
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023482
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023515
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023453
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Canada392Public Health Agency of Canada
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023510
            01/01/2023–19/03/2023Australia13292Australian Department of Health
            06/03/2023–19/03/20233730
            02/01/2023–02/04/2023Qatar2617WHO
            02/01/2023–02/04/2023Iran1725
            02/01/2023–02/04/2023Malaysia2745WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
            02/01/2023–09/04/2023France17497WHO
            02/01/2023–09/04/2023Denmark17311

            CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS

            Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an enveloped virus belonging to the genus Alphavirus in the Togaviridae family and consists of > 30 recognized viruses [5]. Based on the data presented in the Table 6, it was observed that the Chikungunya virus had a significant outbreak in Paraguay and Brazil between 24 March 2023 and 23 April 2023. The table shows that suspected and cumulative cases and deaths make up a significant percentage in certain geographic areas. Thus, these geographic areas should be given priority for preventive efforts (Table 6).

            TABLE 6 |

            Worldwide chikungunya cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationSuspected cases*/New cases (death cases) during the record periodSuspected cases*/Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2023Data source
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Malaysia7117Ministry of Health, Malaysia
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Paraguay13632*126857*/56951 (91)WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            19/03/2023–25/03/202310126*
            02/04/2023–08/04/20232784*
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Argentina93647WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            19/03/2023–25/03/202378
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023104
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023299
            01/01/2023–25/03/2023Belize90*WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Venezuela111*/5
            12/03/2023–25/03/2023Bolivia342*935*/2
            01/01/2023–25/03/2023Guatemala199*
            01/01/2023–08/04/2023Peru131*/41
            26/02/2023–01/04/2023Brazil48257*78643*/21787 (10)
            01/03/2023–31/03/2023Thailand85*381Ministry of Health, Thailand
            23/04/2023Uruguay7Outbreak News Today
            01/01/2023–01/04/2023Philippines30*Philippines Department of Health

            *: Cumulative suspected cases.

            MALARIA

            Malaria is a potentially fatal disease that is transmitted by vectors. Malaria is caused by parasites belonging to the Plasmodium genus. [6]. Although significant progress has been made in the fight against malaria in recent decades, the global burden of malaria is still unacceptably high. Even though malaria prevalence rates are lower compared to other malaria-endemic African countries, malaria and malaria-related deaths continue to pose significant public health challenges. Not surprisingly, the incidence of malaria remained elevated in the last month (24 March 2023 – 23 April 2023), especially in the Congo and Sudan, where malaria-related deaths remain significant (Table 7).

            TABLE 7 |

            Worldwide malaria cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationSuspected cases*/New cases (death cases) during the record periodSuspected cases*/Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2023Data source
            27/02/2023–05/03/2023Congo782989 (361)6887609*/2820069 (3234)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023873290 (392)8339878*/3408090 (3864)
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023Bangladesh58583*/20WHO
            02/04/2023–08/04/202370713
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Sudan438238*/(19)WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
            01/01/2023–17/04/2023Costa Rica115Outbreak News Today
            01/01/2023–14/04/2023Panama3124Outbreak News Today

            *: Cumulative suspected cases.

            SPORADIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

            It is essential to acknowledge that sporadic infectious diseases hold equal significance to the more common counterparts, including but not limited to diphtheria, Haemophilus influenzae, Legionnaires’ disease, and Zika virus disease. Understanding and vigilantly monitoring the spread and impact of all infectious diseases is crucial in mitigating the effects on public health. It is essential to gain insight into the incidence areas and quantity of relevant sporadic infectious diseases for monitoring, prevention, and control. From 24 March 2023 to 23 April 2023, Zimbabwe reported 481 suspected cases and 88 deaths of anthrax. Invasive group A streptococcal infections were reported in Ireland with 16 deaths among 219 cases. It is important to pay attention to Marburg virus disease in Equatorial Guinea, leishmaniasis in Kenya, Lassa fever and meningitis in Nigeria, typhoid fever in the Congo, and Zika virus in Brazil due to the low occurrence, but high mortality rates (Table 8).

            TABLE 8 |

            Worldwide sporadic infectious diseases cases reported between 24/03/2023 and 23/04/2023.

            Record periodLocationSuspected cases*/New cases (death cases) during the record periodSuspected cases*/Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 1/1/2023Data source
            Amoebic dysentery
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023Taiwan, China872Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
            26/03/2023–01/04/202310
            Anthrax
            01/01/2022–05/03/2023Zimbabwe481*/88WHO Regional Office for Africa
            Brucellosis
            01/01/2023–21/03/2023Russia30ProMED-mail
            Diphtheria
            26/02/2023–04/03/2023Bangladesh793WHO
            05/03/2023–11/03/20234
            19/03/2023–25/03/20237
            02/04/2023–08/04/20235
            01/01/2022–26/03/2023UK74United Kingdom Health Security Agency
            01/01/2023–19/03/2023Nigeria733*/(89)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            01/01/2023–25/03/2023Philippines32 (9)Philippines Department of Health
            01/01/2023–04/04/2023Germany17EU CDC
            01/01/2023–03/04/2023Switzerland5
            Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) infections
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023Japan10188National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
            27/03/2023–02/04/202328259
            03/04/2023–09/04/202316
            Enterovirus infections
            02/2023Macau, China3246Health Bureau of Macao, China
            H5N1 flu
            29/03/2023Chile1Outbreak News Today
            Haemophilus influenzae infections
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023U.S.621305U.S. CDC
            Hand-foot-and-mouth disease
            01/01/2023–29/03/2023Vietnam248Outbreak News Today
            Hantavirus infections
            01/01/2023–31/03/2023Panama5ProMED-mail
            01/01/2023–15/04/2023U.S.5 (1)Outbreak News Today
            Hepatitis C infections
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Korea842307Korea CDC
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023106
            26/03/2023–01/04/202395
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023136
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023157
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Taiwan, China11153Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
            19/03/2023–25/03/202310
            26/03/2023–01/04/20237
            02/04/2023–08/04/20235
            Hepatitis E infections
            01/01/2019–16/03/2023South Sudan104 (27)
            Invasive group A streptococcal infections
            01/01/2023–25/03/2023Finland80 (1)EU CDC
            01/02/2023–28/02/2023Luxembourg4 (1)
            13/03/2023–26/03/2023UK236United Kingdom Health Security Agency
            27/03/2023–16/04/2023314
            06/03/2023–19/03/2023Australia75481Australian Department of Health
            02/10/2022–01/04/2023Ireland219 (16) @Irish Health Protection Surveillance Centre
            01/01/2023–31/03/2023U.S.450Outbreak News Today
            01/09/2022–26/03/2023France170 (19)French Public Health Agency
            Lassa fever
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023Nigeria268*/38 (14)4555*/869 (151)Nigeria CDC
            20/03/2023–26/03/2023283*/39 (2)
            27/03/2023–02/04/2023231*/23 (4)
            03/04/2023–09/04/2023221*/23 (3)
            21/03/2023The Republic of Guinea1 (1)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            Legionnaires’ disease
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023U.S.24871U.S. CDC
            02/04/2023–08/04/202321
            20/03/2023–26/03/2023Japan13341National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
            03/04/2023–09/04/202321
            01/01/2023–08/04/2023Hong Kong, China13Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
            Leishmaniasis
            03/01/2020–19/03/2023Kenya2233*/2051 (10)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            Leptospirosis
            01/01/2023–22/03/2023Vanuatu51 (6)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            23/03/2023–30/03/20238 (1)
            18/03/2023–24/03/2023Sri Lanka1091951Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
            25/03/2023–31/03/2023226
            01/04/2023–07/04/202322
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Philippines1127 (104)Philippines Department of Health
            26/03/2023–01/04/202310 (1)
            03/2023Thailand168 (2)587 (3)Ministry of Health, Thailand
            01/01/2023–19/04/2023New Caledonia102 (2)ProMED-mail
            Marburg virus disease
            07/02/2023–30/03/2023Equatorial Guinea33 (29)CIDRAP Center for Infectious Disease Policy Research
            31/03/20231 (1)
            11/04/20231 (1)Outbreak News Today
            07/02/2023–18/04/202339 (34)WHO
            23/04/20231 (1)Outbreak News Today
            Melioidosis
            25/02/2023–24/03/2023Hong Kong, China26Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
            08/04/2023–14/04/20232
            Meningitis
            15/02/2023–19/03/2023Togo123*/17 (12)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            19/12/2022–02/04/2023141*/22 (12)WHO
            03/10/2022–05/03/2023Nigeria628*/160 (52)Nigeria CDC
            01/01/2023–17/03/2023Kyrgyzstan10 (1)ProMED-mail
            02/06/2022–03/04/2023Congo515*/10 (86)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023Niger67*/(7)831*/(41)
            01/01/2023–01/04/2023Philippines36 (15)Philippines Department of Health
            Mumps
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Korea1032050Korea CDC
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023138
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023139
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023207
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023373
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Taiwan, China768Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
            02/04/2023–08/04/20236
            Norovirus gastroenteritis
            02/2023Macau, China5052Health Bureau of Macao, China
            Norovirus infection
            06/03/2023–12/03/2023UK7606340#United Kingdom Health Security Agency
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023797
            20/03/2023–26/03/2023305
            Pertussis
            01/01/2023–22/03/2023Canada21ProMED-mail
            01/01/2023–22/03/2023New Zealand8 (2)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            Pneumococcus infections
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Taiwan, China590Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
            19/03/2023–25/03/20236
            02/04/2023–08/04/20234
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023U.S.2085926U.S. CDC
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023222
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023208
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023Japan35398National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
            20/03/2023–26/03/202327
            27/03/2023–02/04/202325434
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023Singapore642Ministry of Health, Singapore
            Polio
            15/03/2023–21/03/2023Congo5The Global Polio Website
            22/03/2023–28/03/202333
            29/03/2023–04/04/202321
            05/04/2023–11/04/20237
            15/03/2023–21/03/2023Indonesia1
            22/03/2023–28/03/2023Central African Republic5
            22/03/2023–28/03/2023Chad2
            29/03/2023–04-04-20231
            29/03/2023–04-04-2023Mozambique1
            12/04/2023–18/04/20233
            05/04/2023–11/04/2023Benin1
            Q fever
            02/04/2023Bulgaria18ProMED-mail
            30/03/2023Switzerland6
            Rift Valley Fever
            23/02/2023–23/03/2023Uganda30 (5)ProMED-mail
            Ross river virus infections
            06/03/2023–19/03/2023Australia96670Australian Department of Health
            Salmonella infections
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023U.S.2007629U.S. CDC
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023217
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023274
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023209
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023227
            06/03/2023–19/03/2023Australian5283078Australian Department of Health
            13/04/2023Canada45Public Health Agency of Canada
            09/04/2023–15/04/2023Singapore23316Ministry of Health, Singapore
            Scarlatina
            13/03/2023–26/03/2023UK2811United Kingdom Health Security Agency
            27/03/2023–16/04/20232211
            Scrub typhus
            03/2023Thailand235903 (2)Ministry of Health, Thailand
            Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
            07/04/2023Korea1 (1)Korea CDC
            Tuberculosis
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023Korea3594507Korea CDC
            19/03/2023–25/03/2023393
            26/03/2023–01/04/2023382
            02/04/2023–08/04/2023357
            12/03/2023–18/03/2023U.S.22971U.S.CDC
            26/02/2023–01/04/202341
            09/04/2023–15/04/202341
            02/2023Macau, China1629 (1)Health Bureau of Macao, China
            13/03/2023–19/03/2023Japan1863274National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
            20/03/2023–26/03/2023196
            27/03/2023–02/04/2023203
            03/04/2023–09/04/2023175
            06/03/2023–19/03/2023Australia43282Australian Department of Health
            03/2023Thailand555 (1)2693 (8)Ministry of Health, Thailand
            Typhoid fever
            01/01/2023–05/03/2023Congo386384*/(110)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            Yellow fever
            27/02/2023–05/03/2023Congo17*192 (8)United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
            13/03/2023–19/03/202318*
            03/04/2023Bolivia2ProMED-mail
            01/11/2021–02/04/2023Chad2753*/31 (7)WHO Regional Office for Africa
            Zika virus disease
            01/01/2023–18/03/2023Columbia68*WHO Regional Office for the Americas
            01/01/2023–11/03/2023Puerto Rico15*
            12/03/2023–25/03/2023Bolivia205*561*/6
            26/02/2023–08/04/2023Brazil4466*6440 (675)
            01/01/2023–08/04/2023Guatemala112*

            #: Cumulative cases reported since 04/07/2022.

            *: Cumulative suspected cases.

            @: Children < 18 years of age accounted for 38% of the cases.

            CONCLUSION

            Over the past few decades, the unstoppable wave of globalization has spawned and accelerated various social and economic upheavals. Some epidemics have spread rapidly through international routes and viruses easily spread rapidly from one country to another, thus potentially bringing the risk of disease and death to every corner of each continent worldwide. The spread of communicable diseases was rapid under these conditions, especially COVID-19, malaria, and cholera.

            According to the World Health Organization (WHO), a public health emergency of international concern (PHEIC) is a severe, sudden, and uncommon public health event that can spread across countries and may require a coordinated global response. It has been over 3 years since 30 January 2020, when COVID-19 was declared a PHEIC, after which our lives were significantly impacted. Although the WHO announcement that the pandemic had ended is significant, the COVID-19 virus has not vanished from the planet. COVID-19 will remain an ongoing health problem requiring long-term management. The incidence of COVID-19 cases and fatalities has decreased recently; however, there is a growing concern regarding the emergence of new strains, particularly the XBB.1.16 variant, which is spreading rapidly across the globe and poses a significant threat to public health. Recently, malaria has begun to spread widely as the climate warms. The world has made significant progress in reducing the number of malaria cases and deaths since 2000, but the number of malaria-related deaths is high. Africa continues to bear > 90% of the global malaria burden.

            It is an inescapable reality that every nation and individual must confront public health crises of a substantial nature. Achieving an acceptable public health status requires collaboration among the international community, countries, local communities, and the public. Achieving a harmonious equilibrium between maintaining a routine existence and safeguarding oneself against communicable illnesses necessitates continual adaptation and growth. Maintaining a consistent and thorough collection of data regarding worldwide infectious diseases is imperative to effectively and appropriately address global public health emergencies.

            CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

            The authors declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

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            Author and article information

            Journal
            Zoonoses
            Zoonoses
            Zoonoses
            Compuscript (Shannon, Ireland )
            2737-7466
            2737-7474
            24 May 2023
            : 3
            : 1
            : e975
            Affiliations
            [1 ]Department of Laboratory Medicine, Shenzhen Second People’s Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Health Science Center, Shenzhen, China
            [2 ]Shenzhen Data Thinking Corporation, Shenzhen, China
            [3 ]School of Computer and Information Engineering Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen, Fujian, China
            Author notes
            *Corresponding authors: E-mail: ericheshi@ 123456163.com , Tel: +86-13538047813 (SH); 547111@ 123456qq.com (WY); wanhood@ 123456163.com , Tel: +86-13602601597 (DG)

            #Jiazhen Zou and Yufan Wu have contributed equally to this work.

            Article
            10.15212/ZOONOSES-2023-1005
            09029936-b7a7-44ea-94b9-35c67be9d3d0
            Copyright © 2023 The Authors.

            This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY) 4.0, which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

            History
            : 07 May 2023
            : 09 May 2023
            : 09 May 2023
            Page count
            Figures: 3, Tables: 8, References: 6, Pages: 17
            Funding
            Funded by: National Key Research and Development Program of China
            Award ID: 2022YFC2302700
            Funded by: Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: 2021A1515220084
            Funded by: Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: 2020B1111160001
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: ZDSYS20210623092001003
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: GJHZ20200731095604013
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: JSGG20220301090003004
            Funded by: Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation
            Award ID: GJHZ20210705142007022
            Dayong Gu and Wenjin Yu conceived and designed the project. The data were collected by Jiazhen Zou. The manuscript was written by Yufan Wu. Shiping He revised the manuscript. Dayong Gu supervised the study. This research was supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China (No. 2022YFC2302700), Guangdong Science and Technology Foundation (Nos. 2021A1515220084 and 2020B1111160001), and Shenzhen Science and Technology Foundation (Nos. ZDSYS20210623092001003, GJHZ20200731095604013, JSGG20220301090003004, and GJHZ20210705142007022).
            Categories
            Short Communication

            Parasitology,Animal science & Zoology,Molecular biology,Public health,Microbiology & Virology,Infectious disease & Microbiology
            Infectious disease,Dengue,MPOX,COVID-19,Cholera

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