Global Infectious Diseases in May 2023: Monthly Analysis

Abstract

In the past 5 years, there has been a growing focus on infectious diseases, such as viral infections (coronavirus, Mpox, and influenza), sudden pandemics, and persistent bacterial infections (cholera, malaria, and tuberculosis) that continue to be a challenge in epidemic areas. We analyzed epidemic data from dozens of infectious diseases between 24 April and 23 May 2023 using Shusi Tech’s Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System. This analysis will provide a quick overview of the global epidemic status, and will facilitate the prediction and assessment of future pandemics.

Main article text

INTRODUCTION

Diseases that can spread easily are a significant issue for public health worldwide. Examples of such diseases include COVID-19, Mpox, mosquito-borne illnesses, and influenza. Every month we gather different contagious information and examine the worldwide outbreak status. Here is a quick summary of the current outbreak status in various geographic regions. In the past month (24 April to 23 May 2023) there have been 52 infectious disease cases, including new infections (Powassan virus, Murray Valley encephalitis epidemic, and echovirus). The overall trend shows a gradual decrease in the number of new COVID-19 cases and deaths. Specifically, the Western Pacific and Americas Regions have reported fewer new confirmed Mpox cases. Mosquito-borne diseases are on the rise in southeast Asia and the Americas, while measles, cholera, and influenza continue to affect areas with limited medical resources. Below are the most highly contagious diseases. Additionally, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of global infectious diseases from 24 April to 23 May 2023 using Shusi Tech’s Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System (Fig 1).

FIGURE 1 |

Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases from 24 April to 23 May 2023.

COVID-19

The World Health Organization (WHO) declared that the COVID-19 outbreak was no longer a “public health emergency of international concern” on 5 May 2023. Therefore, the highest level alert, which was put in place on 30 January 2020, was lifted. In agreement with the WHO assessment, the global count of COVID-19 cases has been decreasing since May 2023. In the past month (24 April to 23 May 2023), there were approximately 2.1 million new cases and 12,000 deaths related to COVID-19 worldwide. These statistics reflect a decrease in new cases and deaths of 27% and 7% compared to the previous month, respectively. It is important to note, however, that the western Pacific region has had an increase in both confirmed cases and deaths (Fig 2). Therefore, focusing on the western Pacific region for a possible epidemic rebound is critical. It is essential to closely monitor the two mutant strains (VIOs) of SARS-CoV-2 (XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16), which are currently prevalent in 110 countries or regions.

FIGURE 2 |

Daily statistics on new confirmed cases and deaths of COVID-19 worldwide. A, C New COVID-19 cases and deaths reported daily in the above continents. B, D Continent-specific proportions of new COVID-19 cases and deaths (24 April to 23 May 2023; data were obtained from the World Health Organization website [https://COVID19.who.int/]).

MPOX

The WHO announced on 11 May 2023 that the Mpox outbreak no longer posed a public health emergency of international concern. Since the outbreak of the Mpox epidemic, Mpox has rapidly spread throughout many European and American countries. From 24 April to 23 May 2023, Mpox was mainly reported in the western Pacific region, including the Republic of Korea, China, and Japan. There are occasional occurrences in the Americas, including Canada, the United States, and Mexico. Throughout May 2023, the Republic of Korea consistently reported new cases and the Republic of Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention advised cities to take necessary precautions (Table 1).

TABLE 1 |

Monkeypox cases reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	New cases (death cases) during the record period	Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
22/04/2023	China	1		WHO
25/04/2023		2
30/04/2023		11
02/05/2023		12
07/05/2023		1
10/05/2023		15
16/05/2023		12
20/04/2023–11/05/2023	Hong Kong, China	3		Hong Kong Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China
19/04/2023–21/05/2023	Taiwan, China	59		Taiwan Center for Disease Control and Prevention of China
25/04/2023	Brazil	1		WHO
22/04/2023		1
20/04/2023–12/05/2023		25		Brazil Center for Disease Control and Prevention
22/04/2023	Pakistan	1		WHO
10/05/2023		1
21/05/2023		1
25/04/2023–20/05/2023		3		ProMED-mail
23/04/2023	Mexico	1		WHO
24/04/2023		1
27/04/2023		2
28/04/2023		1
18/04/2023–09/05/2023		45	4010 (26)
27/04/2023	Japan	2
28/04/2023		1
01/05/2023		4
02/05/2023		8
03/05/2023	Japan	1
19/05/2023		14
26/05/2023		14
25/04/2023–16/05/2023		15	135
02/05/2023–16/05/2023	Nigeria	2	837 (9)
20/5/2022–2/5/2023	France	4146
1/1/2022–2/5/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	556
19/05/2022–9/05/2023	Spain	7551 (3)
20/04/2023	Singapore	1		WHO
27/04/2023		1
01/01/2023–09/05/2023		25
25/04/2023	Thailand	1
28/04/2023		1
01/05/2023		1
03/05/2023		1
01/01/2023–16/05/2023		26
01/01/2023–16/5/2023	Ghana	125 (4)
26/04/2023–10/05/2023	U.S.A.	34	30395 (42)	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
22/04/2023	Canada	1		WHO
27/04/2023		2
03/05/2023		1
08/05/2023		1
22/04/2023	Republic of Korea	2
23/04/2023		6
24/04/2023		4
25/04/2023		1
26/04/2023		3
27/04/2023		3
29/04/2023		6
30/04/2023		1
01/05/2023		1
02/05/2023		1		WHO
03/05/2023		2
04/05/2023		2
05/05/2023		1
06/05/2023		1
07/05/2023		1
08/05/2023		4
10/05/2023	Republic of Korea	2
11/05/2023		1
12/05/2023		2
13/05/2023		1
15/05/2023		3
17/05/2023		4
20/04/2023–21/05/2023		61		South Korean Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

DENGUE, CHIKUNGUNYA VIRUS, AND ZIKA VIRUS

Mosquitoes are known to be vectors for transmitting acute infectious diseases, including dengue fever, chikungunya fever, and the Zika virus. Between 24 April and 23 May 2023, dengue fever, Chikungunya fever, and Zika virus were most prevalent in Asia and the Americas (Tables 2–4). Mosquito-borne diseases are commonly found in southeast Asian and western Pacific countries, such as Vietnam, Cambodia, the Philippines, and the Republic of Korea. These diseases are mainly prevalent during the rainy season due to mosquito breeding. The South American region, which includes Brazil, Colombia, and Bolivia, has a tropical climate with frequent rainy seasons and are thus at high risk for mosquito-borne diseases. As the temperature rises in the next few months, national disease control needs to ramp up efforts to prevent the spread of mosquito-borne illnesses.

TABLE 2 |

Dengue virus reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	New cases (death cases) during the record period	Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
23/04/2023–29/04/2023	Cambodia	178	1976 (4)	WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
09/04–30/04/2023	Vietnam	3392	29673 (3)
20/04/2023–29/04/2023	Laos	175	1321
19/4/2023–14/5/2023	Bangladesh	323	1243	Bangladesh Health Ministry
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		324	1771 (13)
02/04/2023–22/04/2023	Philippines	5126	37650 (127)	Philippines Health Ministry
09/04/2023–06/05/2023	Malaysia	8007	38993 (24)	Malaysia Health Ministry
16/04/2023–6/05/2023	Singapore	359	2969	Singapore Environment Agency
02/04/2023–21/05/2023	Sri Lanka	13981	35419	Sri Lanka Health Ministry
08/04/2023–06/05/2023	Brazil	759017	1515460 (387)	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	Nicaragua	1913	30423 (1)
09/04/2023–13/05/2023	Peru	42317	83693 (93)
09/04/2023–06/05	Columbia	8266	34895 (21)
09/04/2023–06/05/2023	Argentina	49491	87405 (56)
16/04/2023–06/05/2023	Bolivia	14251	126182 (70)
23/04/2023–29/4/2023	Mexico	1145	14948 (3)
01/01/2023–20/04/2023	Hong Kong, China	8		Hong Kong Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of China
01/01/2023–15/04/2023	Taiwan, China	30		Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of China
01/01/2023–21/05/2023	Thailand	324	1771 (13)	Outbreak News Today

TABLE 3 |

Chikungunya virus reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	New cases (death cases) during the record period	Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
23/04/2023	Uruguay	4		Outbreak News Today
23/04/2023	Balawan	7	82838 (226)
09/04/2023–15/04/2023		6924		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		4181
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		329
09/04/2023–15/04/2023	Argentina	129	1148
16/04/2023–22/04/2023		134
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		147
90/04/2023–05/06/2023		501
01/01/2023–01/04/2023	Philippines	30		Philippines Health Ministry
01/01/2023–22/04/2023	Bolivia	1150	1233/2	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
22/4/2023–6/5/2023		83
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		25
01/01/2023–22/04/2023	Peru	137
22/4/2023–6/5/2023			9
01/01/2023–06/05/2023			146
01/01/2023–13/05/2023			157
01/01/2023–29/05/2023	Venezuela	142
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	Thailand	30	423
22/4/2023–6/5/2023	Malaysia	127		Malaysia Health Ministry
01/01/2023–22/04/2023		120
01/01/2023–13/05/2023		130
02/04/2023–06/05/2023	Brazil	45627	124270 (25)	WHO Regional Office for the Americas

TABLE 4 |

Zika virus reported worldwide from 23/4/2023 to 24/5/2023.

Record period	Location	New cases (death cases) during the record period	Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
01/01/2023–08/04/2023	Guatemala	112
26/03/2023–22/04/2023	Bolivia	143	753	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
26/03/20230–06/05/2023		192
23/04/2023–06/05/2023		49
12/05/2023	Singapore	3		Ministry of Health, Singapore
09/05/2023	Taiwan, China	2		Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
01/01/2016–09/05/2023		28
09/04/2023–22/04/2023	Brazil	912	7352	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–29/04/2023	Belize	117

CHOLERA

Cholera is a severe intestinal infection that is widespread in developing countries (Table 5), such as Haiti, Kenya, Zambia, Pakistan, and Yemen. The lack of basic sanitation facilities and drinking unpurified water makes the spread of cholera very easy. To prevent the spread of cholera, international authorities must provide increased medical and economic aid to affected countries. Such interventions will help at-risk countries control the source of infection and ensure the disease does not become widespread.

TABLE 5 |

Cholera reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	Suspected cases*/New cases (death cases) during the record period	Suspected cases*/Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
26/3/2023–01/04/2023	Philippines	46	1140 (9)	Philippines Health Ministry
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Afghanistan	3882	290406 (113)	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Somalia	1394	7973*/25 (26)
08/05/2023–14/05/2023		531 (2)
01/01/2023–15/04/2023	Pakistan	335105
01/01/2023–15/04/2023	Yemen	23160
17/04/2023–23/04/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	1215	16817 (93)	U. N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
16/04/2023–04/05/2023	Burundi	89	370 (3)	WHO Regional Office for Africa
16/04/2023–07/05/2023	Malawi	714	58673 (1758)
16/04/2023–07/05/2023	Mozambique	2967	29808 (131)
16/04/2023–07/05/2023	Kenya	1337	10297 (164)
16/4/2023–05/05/2023	South Sudan	369	1349 (2)
30/04/2023–16/05/2023	Zimbabwe	424	1017 (26)
20/01/2023–01/05/2023	Zambia	468 (11)
30/04/2023–18/05/2023	Ethiopia	632	6157 (94)
06/04/2023–07/05/2023	Cameroon	495	15828 (345)
17/04/2023–08/05/2023	Haiti	2230	41512 (684)	Haiti Health Ministry
02/10/2022–21/05/2023		43320 (704)
17/04/2023–08/05/2023	Lebanon	275 (23)		Lebanon Health Ministry

MEASLES

According to Table 6, the measles epidemic mainly involved developing countries in Africa and the Americas this month. The measles outbreak also occurred in Russia, the U.K., and Austria. It is important to note that Congo, India, and Indonesia reported thousands of measles cases. Effective vaccination and appropriate quarantine treatment are clearly needed.

TABLE 6 |

Measles virus reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	New cases (death cases) during the record period	Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
9/4/2023–23/4/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	7768	78396 (921)	U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
30/04/2023–19/5/2023	Kyrgyzstan	87		Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–20/04/2023	U.K	49		U.K. Health Ministry
1/1/2023–5/5/2023	Austria	119		ProMED-mail
1/1/2023–26/5/2023		120
9/4/2023–13/5/2023	South Africa	74	1004	WHO Regional Office for Africa
9/4/2023–30/4/2023	South Sudan	19	6027 (58)
16/4/2023–1/5/2023	Ethiopia	2807	6933
1/1/2023–23/4/2023	Mauritania	247 (3)
1/1/2023–26/4/2023	Kenya	205 (4)
26/03/2023–06/05/2023	Brazil	258	680	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
09/04/2023–06/05/2023	Mexico	102	634
09/04/2023–06/05/2023	Paraguay	28	1032
23/4/2023–06/05/2023	Cuba	337	840
26/03/2023–22/04/2023	Columbia	69	426
01/01/2023–11/04/2023	Turkey	745
01/01/2023–11/04/2023	Pakistan	4304
01/01/2023–11/04/2023	Nigeria	3270
11/04/2023–09/05/2023	Russia	1026	2280
11/04/2023–09/05/2023	Nepal	352	1332
11/04/2023–09/05/2023	Malaysia	434	1214
01/01/2023–09/05/2023	India	57016
01/01/2023–09/05/2023	Indonesia	9797
01/01/2023–09/05/2023	Iran	2157
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Afghanistan	564 (1)	89964 (423)	ProMED-mail
31/03/2023–08/05/2023	Armenia	57	142

INFLUENZA

Influenza viruses are classified into types A, B, and C. Types A and B influenza viruses are capable of infecting humans and can be spread through airborne droplets. There has been an increase in newly reported cases in Australia and Canada this month compared to last month. Furthermore, thousands of new influenza cases have been reported in European countries, such as Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, and Switzerland, as well as Malaysia and Japan (Table 7). It should be noted that type A influenza viruses cause most reported cases. The U.K. reported two cases of H5N1, and Taiwan of China reported one case of H1N2v. Influenza virus should be limited next month, but we still need to monitor for a new influenza virus outbreak.

TABLE 7 |

Influenza reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	New cases (death cases) during the record period	Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
09/04/2023–13/05/2023	U.S.A.	1955	352059 (A:345358 B:6701)	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
03/04/2023–14/05/2023	Australia	21235	40318 (44)	Australia Health Ministry
09/04/2023–29/04/2023	Canada	1550	68857 (A95%)	Canada Health Ministry
02/01/2023–09/04/2023	Norway	14207 (A:7697 H1N1 638 H3N2 547 B:5325)		WHO
02/01/2023–09/04/2023	Sweden	12793 (A:7985 H1N1 525 H3N2 427 B:3856)
02/01/2023–30/04/2023	Switzerland	13084 (A:7374 H1N1 283 H3N2 150 B:5277)
02/01/2023–09/04/2023	The Netherlands	9088 (A:5918 H1N1 369 H3N2 121 B:2680)
02/01/2023–30/04/2023	Malaysia	3118
02/01/2023–16/04/2023	Japan	1836
11/05/2023	Taiwan, China	1 (H1N2v)		Taiwan Centers for Disease Control and Prevention of China
16/05/2023	U.K.	2 (H5N1)		U.K. Health Ministry

SPORADIC INFECTIOUS DISEASES

Reports of Lassa fever, Marburg virus, yellow fever, and Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever have been sporadically transmitted in various continents or countries over the past month. Anthrax outbreaks have been reported in Kenya and India this month. It is essential to take note of this information. There have been reports of poliomyelitis cases in several African countries, mostly related to cVDPV2. Congo has reported cases of both cVDPV2 and cVDPV1 in the current month. Table 8 displays additional details of sporadic infectious diseases.

TABLE 8 |

Sporadic infectious diseases reported worldwide from 24/04/2023 to 23/05/2023.

Record period	Location	Suspected cases*/New cases (death cases) during the record period	Suspected cases*/Cumulative cases (deaths) reported since 01/01/2023	Data source
Marburg virus
23/04/2023	Equatorial Guinea	1	40 (35)	Outbreak News Today
21/03/2023–16/03/2023	Tanzania	9 (6)		WHO Regional Office for Africa
Yellow fever virus
01/01/2023–02/04/2023	Cameroon	250		WHO Regional Office for Africa
01/01/2023–24/04/2023	Uganda	1178*/4
1/7/2022–225/4/2023	Brazil	300*/3 (1)		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–25/04/2023	Bolivia	2 (1)
Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever
10/04/2023–21/04/2023	Senegal	1 (1)		Outbreak News Today
26/04/2023–05/05/2023	Pakistan	(4)		ProMED-mail
08/05/2023		(1)
01/01/2023–08/05/2023		16
01/05/2023–08/05/2023		11
01/01/2023–13/05/2023	Iraq	95 (13)		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–18/05/2023		119 (18)
01/01/2023–23/05/2023		128 (18)
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Afghanistan	564 (1)	89964*/7070 (423)	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
01/01/2016–30/12/2022	Namibia	6 (3)		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–23/05/2023	Georgia	8
Lassa fever reported worldwide from 23/4/2023 to 24/5/2023
6/1/2022–21/4/2023	Liberia	71 (19)		WHO Regional Office for Africa
10/04/2023–16/04/2023	Nigeria	149*/9 (1)	5218*/929 (158)	Nigeria Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
17/04/2023–23/04/2023		206*/20 (2)
24/04/2023–30/04/2023		176*/21 (2)
01/05/2023–07/05/2023		134*/10 (2)
Powassan virus
17/05/2023	U.S.A.	1 (1)		Outbreak News Today
Anthrax
10/04/2023–11/05/2023	Kenya	15 (3)		WHO Regional Office for Africa
07/05/2023	India	12 (1)
Brucella
21/05/2023	Tunisia	12		Outbreak News Today
Whooping cough
01/01/2023–27/04/2023	Malaysia	76 (1)		ProMED-mail
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Afghanistan	33	1295 (15)	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Diphtheria
14/5/2022–9/4/2023	Nigeria	1439*(73)		WHO
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	Philippines	44 (10)		Philippines Department of Health
01/01/2023–29/04/2023	Philippines	45 (11)		Philippines Health Ministry
06/05/2023	Vietnam	1 (1)		Vietnam Health Ministry
01/01/2023–08/05/2023	Germany	24		European Union U.S.A
01/01/2023–01/05/2023	Switzerland	6
01/01/2023–27/04/2023	Malaysia	76 (1)		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–30/04/2023	Pakistan	342 (39)
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Afghanistan	33	1295 (15)	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
Poliomyelitis
12/04/2023–18/04/2023	Mozambique	3 (cVDPV1)		Global polio website
19/4/2023–16/5/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	27 (cVDPV2) 16 (cVDPV1)
17/05/2023–23/05/2023		9 (cVDPV2) 3 (cVDPV1)
03/05/2023–09/05/2023	Chad	1 (cVDPV2)
03/05/2023–09/05/2023	Somalia	1 (cVDPV2)
03/05/2023–16/05/2023	Nigeria	5 (cVDPV2)
10/05/2023–16/05/2023	Afghanistan	2 (WPV1)
10/05/2023–16/05/2023	The Central African Republic	2 (cVDPV2)
Syphilis
01/01/2023–19/04/2023	Japan	1072		Outbreak News Toda
Norovirus gastroenteritis
27/03/2023–02/04/2023	U.K.	278		United Kingdom Health Security Agency
03/04/2023–30/04/2023		785
04/07/2022–30/04/2023		7473
01/03/2023–31/03/2023	Macao, China	167		Health Bureau of Macao, China
The novel Bunya virus
25/04/2023	China	4 (1)		Popular science of people
Bacillary dysentery
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	U.S.A.	114	4268	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Leptospirosis
31/03/2023–16/04/2023	Vanuatu	7	59*/52 (6)	Outbreak News Today
01/04/2023–16/04/2023	The French Republic	6	101 (2)	Outbreak News Today
08/04/2023–14/04/2023	Sri Lanka	18	3064	Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
15/04/2023–21/04/2023		22
22/04/2023–28/04/2023		26
29/04/2023–05/05/2023		14
06/05/2023–12/05/2023		11
01/01/2023–08/04/2023	Philippines	1152 (113)	1279 (130)	Philippines Department of Health
09/04/2023–15/04/2023		11 (1)
16/04/2023–22/04/2023		11 (2)
01/01/2023–29/04/2023
01/01/2023–03/05/2023	Peru	562*/351		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–13/05/2023		406
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	Thailand	160 (3)	788 (7)	Ministry of Health, Thailand
01/01/2023–09/05/2023	Ecuador	157 (2)		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–14/05/2023	Vanuatu	66 (6)
01/01/2023–30/04/2023	France	114 (3)
Amoebic dysentery
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	Thailand	92	581	Ministry of Health, Thailand
23/04/2023–29/04/2023	Taiwan, China	88	106	Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		12
Typhoid fever
26/03/2023–01/04/2023	Philippines	65	3915 (15)	Philippines Department of Health
Tuberculosis
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	Korea	394	5168	Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
23/04/2023–29/04/2023		365	5793
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		277	5715
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		372	6039
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	U.S.A.	28	1219	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
23/04/2023–29/04/2023		46
09/04/2023–15/04/2023		41
17/04/2023–23/04/2023	Japan	236	4612	National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
01/05/2023–07/05/2023		121
08/05/2023–14/05/2023		239
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	Thailand	420	3241 (1)	Ministry of Health, Thailand
Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
07/04/2023	Korea	1 (1)		Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention
Scrub typhus
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	Thailand	187	1149 (2)	Ministry of Health, Thailand
Salmonella infection
09/04/2023–15/04/2023	Singapore	23	316	Ministry of Health, Singapore
16/04/2023–22/04/2023		22	338
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		25	410
09/04/2023–15/04/2023		227
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Australian	489	4659	Australian Department of Health
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	U.S.A.	185	9164	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
23/04/2023–29/04/2023		282
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		186
Ross River virus infection
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Australia	67	919	Australian Department of Health
Rift Valley fever
23/02/2023–23/03/2023	Uganda	30 (5)		ProMED-mail
Streptococcus pneumoniae infection
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	Singapore	4	46	Ministry of Health, Singapore
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	U.S.A.	185	6533	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
23/04/2023–29/04/2023		179
17/04/2023–23/04/2023	Japan	22	669	National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
01/05/2023–07/05/2023		23
08/05/2023–14/05/2023		50
09/04/2023–15/04/2023	Singapore	6	42	Ministry of Health, Singapore
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Taiwan, China	5	118
Pertussis
01/01/2023–27/04/2023	Malaysia	76 (1)		ProMED-mail
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Afghanistan	33	1295 (15)
Norwalk virus gastroenteritis
02/2023	Macau, China	50	52	Health Bureau of Macao, China
Mumps
23/04/2023–29/04/2023	Korea	40	3007	Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		164
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		210
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Singapore	11	69	Ministry of Health, Singapore
Meningococcus
01/01/2023–01/04/2023	Philippine	36 (15)		Philippines Department of Health
01/01/2023–01/05/2023	Australia	7		ProMED-mail
Marburg virus disease
07/02/2023–23/04/2023	Equatorial Guinea	40*/17 (35)		Outbreak News Today
23/04/2023		1 (1)
21/03/2023–16/04/2023	Tanzania	9 (6)		WHO Regional Office for Africa
Leishmaniasis
01/01/2023–29/04/2023	Panama	548		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–13/05/2023		628
01/03/2020–26/04/2023	Kenya	2279*/2097 (10)		WHO Regional Office for Africa
01/03/2020–11/05/2023		2300*/2097 (10)
01/05/2020–26/05/2023	The Republic of Honduras	20		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–07/05/2023	Vanuatu		51 (6)	United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
06/05/2023–12/05/2023	Sri Lanka	35	1180	Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
Legionellosis
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	Hong Kong, China	2	23	Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Japan	4	395	National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
17/04/2023–23/04/2023		28
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	U.S.A.	62	1308	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
02/05/2023	Republic of Lithuania	12		ProMED-mail
02/05/2023–10/05/2023		22 (5)
02/05/2023–11/05/2023		23 (5)		EU Center for Disease Control and Prevention
23/04/2023–29/04/2023	Taiwan, China	9	85	Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
Invasive group A streptococcal infection
01/01/2023–15/04/2023	Finland	80 (1)		EU Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
17/04/2023–07/05/2023	UK	322		United Kingdom Health Security Agency
12/09/2022–07/05/2023		3287 (426)
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Australia	90	747	Australian Department of Health
Hepatitis A
01/01/2019–08/04/2023	U.S.A.	44		ProMED-mail
Hepatitis B
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	U.S.A.	442	2946
Hepatitis C
16/04/2023–22/04/2023	Korea	123	2827	Korea Center for Disease Control and Prevention
23/04/2023–29/04/2023		35
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		99
02/04/2023–08/04/2023		136
23/04/2023–29/04/2023	Taiwan, China	8	215	Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		17
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	U.S.A.	26	1391	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Hepatitis E
01/01/2023–19/04/2023	South Sudan	4130*/104 (32)	4265*/104 (33)	WHO Regional Office for Africa
20/04/2023–30/04/2023		142*(6)
10/01/2023–08/05/2023		4283*/1517 (33)
10/05/2023	Hong Kong, China	1		Centre for Health Protection, Hong Kong, China
Hantavirus
01/01/2023–13/05/2023	Panama	17 (1)		Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–15/04/2023	U.S.A.		5 (1)
15/05/2023	Chile	1	5 (1)
Hand-foot-mouth disease
01/04/2023–30/04/2023	Thailand	1269	12960	Ministry of Health, Thailand
Haemophilus influenzae
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	U.S.A	52	1942	U.S.A. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
H5N1 flu
29/03/2023	Chile	1		Outbreak News Today
EHEC infection
01/05/2023–07/05/2023	Japan	18	409	National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
08/05/2023–14/05/2023		32
23/05/2023	Macau, China	13		Health Bureau of Macao, China
Brucellosis
21/05/2023	Tunisia	12		Outbreak News Today
Campylobacter infection
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Taiwan, China	8	72	Taiwan Centers for Disease Control, China

CONCLUSION

Since the 2019 coronavirus outbreak, millions of infections have occurred each month due to the omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2 (the two most prevalent mutant strains of SARS-CoV-2 are XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16) with extremely strong infectivity and immune evasion [1]. Although COVID-19 was asymptomatic or caused mild symptoms in most individuals, COVID-19 can cause symptoms, such as pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), and death in the elderly or patients with underlying diseases [2]. Due to the significant number of infections, the coronavirus undergoes mutations at any given time, thus posing a significant concern. The main concerns pertaining to coronavirus involve developing effective vaccines and closely monitoring coronavirus mutations. This month, influenza type A has spread in some areas, but it is unlikely that COVID-19 is co-infected with this respiratory virus in the community [3]. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the airborne virus is still not fully understood. Mosquito-borne diseases spread rapidly in subtropical regions and may continue to rise in the next month. Measles, cholera, and malaria warrant more concern and medical support in African countries. To effectively combat infectious diseases, we require gene sequencing technology that is more user-friendly and efficient in identifying new viruses. It is of utmost importance for nations to collaborate in a concerted effort to mitigate the spread of viruses.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST STATEMENT

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

REFERENCES

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