Global Infectious Diseases in June 2023: Monthly Analysis

Abstract

Infectious diseases are a class of diseases caused by various pathogens that can be transmitted between humans and animals or between humans and animals, thus seriously affecting the development of human society. To control the spread of infectious diseases worldwide and ensure the safety of people’s lives, it is essential to regularly analyze global infectious disease cases. This review is based on data from the World Health Organization, the Centers for Disease Control in countries around the world, Outbreak News Today and many other epidemiological websites to predict the global infectious disease outbreak trend. In addition, using the Shuci Technology global epidemic information monitoring system, we analyzed the distribution of infectious diseases that occurred around the world from 24 May 2023 to 23 June 2023.

Main article text

INTRODUCTION

Infectious diseases have threatened humanity throughout history. For example, the epidemic of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS) in 2003, the prevalence of swine flu in 2009, the pandemic of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS) in 2012, the outbreak of Ebola virus disease in 2013–2016, and the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) all resulted in severe morbidity and mortality and led to a devastating impact on global economy [1]. The increased international mobility, high-density urbanization, climate change, poor public health systems, and microbial adaptations are some of the main drivers for the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. Self-distancing, wearing masks, travel restrictions, avoiding gatherings, and vaccine administration are the common measures we have adopted to control the pandemic diseases nowadays; however, the natural diversity of pathogens make the production of efficacious vaccines against diseases a large challenge. Therefore, monitoring the growing trends of global infectious diseases is particularly significant and necessary to control the pandemic.

In this review, data from epidemiologic websites were mined to predict the global outbreak trends of infectious diseases. We used the Shusi Tech Global Epidemic Information Monitoring System to analyze the global distribution of infectious diseases which have occurred between 24 May 2023 to 23 June 2023 (Fig 1).

FIGURE 1 |

Worldwide distribution of infectious diseases from 24 May to 23 June 2023.

COVID-19

The outbreak of the novel coronavirus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has clearly caused a major public health emergency worldwide. The reason for this threat is the infectious nature of the virus and the ability of the virus to rapidly evolve and mutate, thus leading to the emergence of new, less common strains. According to the World Health Organization, from 24 May to 23 June 2023, there were 1,222,682 new cases of COVID-19 worldwide, and 6,973 new deaths, both down approximately 40% from the previous month. Among the 6 WHO regions, the Western Pacific region still has the largest proportion of new cases (approximately 60%), but the greatest number of new deaths occur in the European region (Fig 2). Although the status of the epidemic in some areas has improved, the epidemic still needs continuous attention, prevention, and control.

FIGURE 2 |

Daily statistics on newly-confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 worldwide. A, C: New cases and deaths due to COVID-19 have been reported daily on every continent (The primary coordinate on the left is the columnar ordinate, the secondary coordinate on the right is the broken line ordinate.). B, D: Continent-specific proportions of newly-confirmed cases and deaths due to COVID-19 (24 May 2023 to 23 June 2023; data were obtained from the WHO website [https://COVID19.who.int/]).

MONKEYPOX

Monkeypox is a zoonotic disease caused by the monkeypox virus [2]. According to an analysis of WHO data, the number of monkeypox cases reported weekly has declined significantly in recent months from the global peak of 7576 cases observed in the week of 8 August 2022. In the past month, the number of new monkeypox cases mainly occurred in the Americas and western Pacific, where the number of new cases exceeded 150 (Fig 3). The main prevention of monkeypox involves avoiding contact with infected individuals, including not only the patient, but also the patient’s clothing and household items.

FIGURE 3 |

Statistics of newly-confirmed monkeypox cases from 24 May 2023 to 23 June 2023. A: Confirmed monkeypox cases and deaths by continent (The primary coordinate on the left is the columnar ordinate, the secondary coordinate on the right is the broken line ordinate. Data were obtained from the WHO website [http://worldhealthorg.shinyapps.io/mpx_global/#3_Detailed_case_data]).

CHOLERA

Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, can result in hypovolemic shock due to the rapid loss of fluids and electrolytes [3]. During June 2023, cholera outbreaks occurred in several countries, including Afghanistan and Zimbabwe, as shown in Table 1. Local medical workers are taking active measures to contain the spread of the epidemic. A combination of surveillance, water, sanitation and hygiene, social mobilization, treatment, and oral cholera vaccines are used to control the spread of cholera.

TABLE 1 |

Worldwide cholera cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the recorded period	Cumulative deaths reported during the recorded period	Data source
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Afghanistan	4451	3	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		4431
04/06/2022–10/06/2023		3716	2
01/01/2023–14/05/2023	Burundi	409 (175)	5	WHO Regional Office for Africa
15/05/2023–28/05/2023		41	2
16/05/2023–30/05/2023	Cameroon	1070	26	Cameroon Ministry of Health
01/01/2023–15/05/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	20098	104	WHO
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		1167	18	United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
02/10/2022–21/05/2023	Haiti	43320 (2835)	704	Haiti Ministry of Public Health and Population
22/05/2023–11/06/2023		3630 (241)	41
01/01/2022–30/04/2023	Iraq	11097		WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
05/10/2023–11/06/2023	Lebanon	671	23	Outbreak News Today
03/03/2022–14/05/2023	Malawi	58673	1758	WHO Regional Office for Africa
15/05/2023–21/05/2023		78	2
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		54	1
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		16
14/09/2022–07/05/2023	Mozambique	29808	131	WHO Regional Office for Africa
08/05/2023–15/05/2023		617
16/05/2023–29/05/2023		902
03/04/2023–30/04/2023	Nigeria	47	2	Nigeria CDC
01/01/2023–06/05/2023	Philippines	1218	13	Philippines Department of Health
05/01/2023–07/05/2023	Somalia	529	3	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
08/05/2023–14/05/2023		531	2
15/05/2023–21/05/2023		535
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		479	1
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		404	1
15/05/2023–28/05/2023	South Africa	229		Outbreak News Today
02/03/2022–02/06/2023		129	30	WHO Regional Office for Africa
03/06/2023–18/06/2023		37	1	ProMED-mail
22/02/2023–16/05/2023	South Sudan	1471 (19)	2	WHO Regional Office for Africa
01/01/2022–30/04/2023	Yemen	23997		WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
20/01/2023–08/05/2023	Zambia	509 (103)	11	WHO Regional Office for Africa
09/05/2023–25/05/2023		179	2
12/02/2023–28/05/2023	Zimbabwe	1649	44	WHO Regional Office for Africa
29/05/2023–13/06/2023		811	19	Xinhua Network

DENGUE

Dengue is transmitted by mosquitoes of the genus Aedes. Virus amplification occurs during the viremia phase when mosquitoes become infected by biting humans [4]. Tens of thousands of people in Indonesia, Peru, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, and Thailand have been infected with dengue this year (Table 2). Nearly 2000 people are infected in Malaysia every week. Dengue continues to spread rapidly due to climate change, rapid urbanization, and population growth. Dengue outbreaks are usually seasonal, peaking during and after the rainy season, thus dengue is one of the infectious disease to watch closely during the hot and rainy summer months.

TABLE 2 |

Worldwide dengue cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the recorded period	Cumulative deaths reported during the recorded period	Data source
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Afghanistan	27		WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
11/06/2023–17/06/2023		8
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Argentina	6440		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
14/05/2023–20/05/2023		5611
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		5115
15/05/2023–28/05/2023	Australia	24		Australian Government Department of Health
22/05/2023–28/05/2023	Bangladesh	324		Bangladesh Ministry of Health and Family Welfare
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		605	3
05/06/2023–11/06/2023		834	8
22/06/2023		300		Outbreak News Today
28/05/2023–03/06/2023	Bolivia	825		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–06/05/2023	Brazil	1515460 (554542)	387	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Cambodia	219		WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		343
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Colombia	2729		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		2133
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		2569
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Costa Rica	2070		Outbreak News Today
04/04/2023–10/05/2023	Ethiopia	1638 (103)	9	WHO Regional Office for Africa
31/05/2023–06/06/2023		410	127	United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
25/05/2023–01/06/2023	Hong Kong, China	1		Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, China
01/01/2023–04/06/2023	Indonesia	35694	270	ProMED-mail
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	1		Korea CDC
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Laos	272		WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		288
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Malaysia	2242	2	Ministry of Health Malaysia
14/05/2023–20/05/2023		2444	2
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		2638	3
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		2455	3
13/06/2023		464
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Mexico	914		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		783
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		1068
04/2023	New Zealand	2		New Zealand Ministry of Health
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Nicaragua	1680		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		3320
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Paraguay	369		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–13/05/2023	Peru	83693 (43102)	93	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
14/05/2023–27/05/2023		32256 (17076)	73
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		9194
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		15760		Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–06/05/2023	Philippines	40032	127	Philippines Department of Health
07/05/2023–13/05/2023		8077	49	WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific
23/05/2023	Puerto Rico	245		Outbreak News Today
24/05/2023	Singapore	11		Ministry of Health, Singapore
26/05/2023		12
30/05/2023		13
12/06/2023		40		National Environment Agency, Singapore
01/09/2022–30/04/2023	Somalia	5350	18	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
01/01/2023–03/06/2023	Sri Lanka	39409	25	Outbreak News Today
04/06/2023–09/06/2023		2775
10/06/2023–15/06/2023		2356
13/06/2023	Taiwan, China	1		China News Network
01/01/2023–21/05/2023	Thailand	16650	14	Outbreak News Today
22/05/2023–07/06/2023		2853	3
26/05/2023	Uruguay	300		Outbreak News Today
22/05/2023–28/05/2023	Vietnam	943		WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific

MEASLES

Measles, an acute respiratory infection caused by the measles virus, is easily transmitted between humans [5]. Since the development of the measles vaccine, measles deaths have declined worldwide and measles has been eliminated in some countries and territories, but measles remains one of the leading causes of death among young children worldwide. In June, new infections and deaths were reported in several countries, including Afghanistan and Nigeria (Table 3).

TABLE 3 |

Worldwide measles cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period-Measles	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the recorded period	Cumulative deaths reported during the recorded period	Data source
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Afghanistan	537	2	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		494	1
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		524
11/06/2023–17/06/2023		513	2
31/03/2023–08/05/2023	Armenia	57		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–26/05/2023	Austria	120		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–06/05/2023	Bangladesh	286 (6)		WHO
01/01/2023–03/06/2023	Brazil	53	8	WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–07/05/2023	Cameroon	4504 (4152)	18	WHO Regional Office for Africa
01/01/2023–20/05/2023	Colombia	595		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Côte d’Ivoire	2942 (600)		WHO
01/01/2023–03/06/2023	Cuba	1154		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–30/04/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	92164 (1636)	1135	United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
01/05/2023–28/05/2023		29946 (273)	511
01/01/2023–25/05/2023	Eastern Samoa	76 (2)		Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	India	80136 (47155)		WHO
28/05/2023	Jordan	27		Healthmap
01/01/2023–11/05/2023	Kenya	270 (108)	4	WHO Regional Office for Africa
01/01/2023–19/05/2023	Kyrgyzstan	352		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Malaysia	1720 (166)		WHO
01/01/2023–07/05/2023	Mauritania	285 (186)	3	WHO Regional Office for Africa
08/05/2023–14/05/2023		47 (17)	1
07/05/2023–20/05/2023	Mexico	123		WHO Regional Office for Africa
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Nepal	1582 (929)		WHO
01/01/2023–09/05/2023	Nigeria	5486 (1095)		WHO
10/05/2023–05/06/2023		2688 (198)
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Pakistan	9647 (5024)		WHO
01/01/2023–20/05/2023	Paraguay	1043		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Russia	1051		WHO
01/01/2023–14/05/2023	Senegal	371		WHO Regional Office for Africa
23/04/2023–13/05/2023	South Africa	28		ProMED-mail
14/05/2023–20/05/2023		19
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Sudan	1013 (405)		WHO
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Turkey	1440		WHO
02/06/2023	USA	1		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–20/05/2023	Venezuela	652		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–15/05/2023	Yemen	17451 (139)		WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
01/01/2023–05/06/2023		16706 (14441)		WHO

INFLUENZA

Influenza, caused by a negative-strand RNA virus of the Orthomyxoviridae family, is an acute respiratory infection that affects millions of people around the world annually [6]. The incidence of human influenza is seasonal because the viral survival and transmission is largely driven by climate conditions. As reported, the influenza cases in USA decreased at the beginning of summer compared to the past few months (Table 4). In contrast, the burden of flu infection remains high in Australia, where the influenza seasonal activity occurs in the winter months (June to August). To prevent an influenza epidemic, surveillance measures should be carried out continuously to monitor the directions of antigenic changes in the influenza virus.

TABLE 4 |

Worldwide influenza cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the recorded period	Data source
15/05/2023–28/05/2023	Australia	17277	Australian Government Department of Health
29/05/2023–11/06/2023		27540
02/01/2023–21/05/2023	Brazil	11610	WHO
07/06/2023		1
30/04/2023–20/05/2023	Canada	1205	Public Health Agency of Canada
02/01/2023–21/05/2023	Chile	4425	WHO
02/01/2023–21/05/2023	Denmark	18572	WHO
02/01/2023–21/05/2023	France	18337	WHO
23/05/2023	Macao, China	4	Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region
24/05/2023		3
25/05/2023		1
01/01/2023–28/05/2023	South Africa	454	ProMED-mail
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	USA	355	US CDC
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		331
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		352
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		255

MALARIA

The data in Table 5 shows that approximately 3000 residents in Ethiopia are at risk of malaria within one week. Malaria remains a serious public health threat in Ethiopia. Widespread insecticide resistance in mosquito vectors, weaknesses in malaria surveillance, and a lack of high-quality healthcare are some of the major factors that hinder progressive steps toward elimination of the disease [7].

TABLE 5 |

Worldwide malaria cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the record period	Data source
30/04/2023–06/05/2023	Bangladesh	89	WHO
31/05/2023–06/06/2023	Ethiopia	3153	United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
31/05/2023	Iran	1	Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	173	Korea CDC
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		15
01/01/2023–03/06/2023	Malaysia	840	ProMED-mail
01/04/2023	New Zealand	3	New Zealand Ministry of Health
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Panama	123	Panama Ministry of Health
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		101
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		88
27/05/2023	USA	2	Outbreak News Today
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		14	U.S. CDC
20/06/2023		1	Outbreak News Today

TUBERCULOSIS

Tuberculosis (TB), caused by bacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, is one of the major killers of the human population after HIV/AIDS [8]. Data from Table 6 demonstrate that the prevalence of TB infection is higher in Japan and Korea than other countries with similar economic power. A global program, “End TB Campaign,” which is managed by the WHO, has the goal of reducing the incidence of TB by 90% to 10 per 100,000 population by 2035. Continued efforts are necessary in Japan and Korea to eradicate TB.

TABLE 6 |

Worldwide tuberculosis cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the record period	Data source
15/05/2023–28/05/2023	Australia	45	Australian Government Department of Health
08/05/2023–14/05/2023	Japan	239	National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
15/05/2023–21/05/2023		217
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		235
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		251
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Korea	395	Korea CDC
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		358
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		339
01/04/2023	Macao, China	16	Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region
05/2023	Thailand	348	Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	USA	48	US CDC

OTHER INFECTIOUS DISEASES

In addition to the above-mentioned diseases, other global infectious diseases that occurred during the last month are listed in Table 7, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), amoebic dysentery, anthrax, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus I, circulating vaccine-derived poliovirus II, chickenpox, Chikungunya fever, Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever, diphtheria, and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection, enterovirus, hand, foot, and mouth disease, hantavirus, hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, invasive group a streptococcal diseases, Lassa fever, legionellosis, leptospirosis, leishmaniasis, Marburg virus, meningitis, mumps, Murray Valley encephalitis, Norwalk virus, norovirus, Nipah virus, plague, poliomyelitis, Ross River virus, salmonellosis, scarlet fever, scrub typhus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, West Nile fever, whooping cough, yellow fever, and Zika virus.

TABLE 7 |

Worldwide sporadic infectious cases reported between 24/05/2023 and 23/06/2023.

Recorded period	Location	Cumulative suspected cases (confirmed cases) reported during the record period	Cumulative deaths reported during the record period	Data source
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Korea	13		Korea CDC
Amoebic dysentery
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Taiwan, China	11		Taiwan CDC, China
05/2023	Thailand	93		Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Anthrax
02/06/2023	Ghana	11	1	ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–19/06/2023		30	1
08/06/2023	Kazakhstan	4		ProMED-mail
10/04/2023–22/05/2023	Kenya	15	3	Outbreak News Today
05/05/2023–30/05/2023	Vietnam	13		ProMED-mail
31/05/2023–06/06/2023		1
Chickenpox
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	488		Korea CDC
Chikungunya fever
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Argentina	71		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
14/05/2023–20/05/2023		117
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		74
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		42
15/05/2023–28/05/2023	Australia	1		Australian Government Department of Health
01/01/2023–27/05/2023	Belize	197		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–13/05/2023	Malaysia	130		Ministry of Health Malaysia
14/05/2023–27/05/2023		4
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	Paraguay	329		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
14/05/2023–27/05/2023		3051
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		2386
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		3582
01/01/2023–13/05/2023	Peru	157 (47)		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
14/05/2023–27/05/2023		30 (4)
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		20
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		56
01/01/2023–04/06/2023	Thailand	485		Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–13/05/2023	Venezuela	147 (12)		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
14/05/2023–27/05/2023		26
Crimea-Congo hemorrhagic fever
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Afghanistan	8 (2)		WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		4	1
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		2	1
11/06/2023–17/06/2023		35
01/01/2023–04/06/2023	Iraq	150	20	Outbreak News Today
05/06/2023–11/06/2023		44	9	ProMED-mail
12/06/2023–19/06/2023		31
01/01/2023–07/06/2023	Kazakhstan	3		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–03/06/2023	Pakistan	35	6	ProMED-mail
Diphtheria
01/01/2023–06/05/2023	Bangladesh	104 (3)	1	WHO
01/01/2022–30/04/2023	Pakistan	342	39	WHO Regional Office for the Eastern Mediterranean
01/01/2023–29/04/2023	Philippines	45	11	Philippines Department of Health
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		3
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli infection
08/05/2023–14/05/2023	Japan	32		National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
15/05/2023–21/05/2023		68
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		88
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		77
Enterovirus
01/04/2023	Macao, China	83		Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region
23/05/2023		13
Hand, foot, and mouth disease
29/05/2023	Hong Kong, China	44		Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, China
05/2023	Thailand	886		Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Hantavirus
01/01/2023–20/06/2023	Panama	11		Outbreak News Today
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		3		Panama Ministry of Health
Hepatitis A
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	13		Korea CDC
Hepatitis B
05/2023	Thailand	340		Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	3		Korea CDC
Hepatitis C
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Korea	109		Korea CDC
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		118
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		79
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Taiwan, China	11		Taiwan CDC, China
21/05/2023–27/05/223		15
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		9
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		11
Invasive group A streptococcal diseases
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Australia	95		Australian Government Department of Health
01/01/2023–30/05/2023		867
15/05/2023–28/05/2023		95
Lassa fever
15/05/2023–21/05/2023	Nigeria	197 (8)	2	Nigeria CDC
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		138 (7)	1
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		92 (7)	1
Legionellosis
01/01/2023–20/05/2023	Hong Kong, China	23		Hong Kong Centre for Health Protection, China
21/05/2023–10/06/2023		8
11/06/2023–17/06/2023		2
15/05/2023–21/05/2023	Japan	35		National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
29/05/2023–04/06/2023		52
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	5		Korea CDC
02/05/2023–26/05/2023	Lithuania	24	7	ProMED-mail
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Taiwan, China	6		Taiwan CDC, China
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		8
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		9
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	USA	62		US CDC
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		57
Leptospirosis
22/05/2023–28/05/2023	Afghanistan	10	2	Outbreak News Today
15/05/2023–28/05/2023	Australian	5		Australian Government Department of Health
01/01/2023–23/05/2023	Georgia	8		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–13/06/2023	India	475	25	ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–24/05/2023	Iraq	139	20	ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–21/05/2023	Micronesia	21		United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
23/05/2023	Namibia	1		ProMED-mail
01/05/2023–31/05/2023	New Caledonia	22		United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
01/01/2023–27/05/2023	Peru	6833	5	Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–29/04/2023	Philippines	1279	130	Philippines Department of Health
30/04/2023–06/05/2023		34	4
09/05/2023	Senegal	1		WHO Regional Office for Africa
06/05/2023–12/05/2023	Sri Lanka	11		Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
13/05/2023–19/05/2023		21
20/05/2023–26/05/2023		21
27/05/2023–02/06/2023		21
05/2023	Thailand	173	1	Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
15/05/2023–24/05/2023	Vanuatu	7		Outbreak News Today
Leishmaniasis
03/01/2020–11/05/2023	Kenya	2300 (2097)	10	WHO Regional Office for Africa
21/05/2023–27/05/2023	Panama	39		Panama Ministry of Health
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		28
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		25
06/05/2023–12/05/2023	Sri Lanka	35		Ministry of Health, Sri Lanka
13/05/2023–19/05/2023		64
20/05/2023–26/05/2023		66
27/05/2023–02/06/2023		56
Marburg virus
24/05/2023	Equatorial Guinea		9	Global Incident Map
Meningitis
01/01/2023–07/06/2023	Australia	9		ProMED-mail
02/06/2022–14/05/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	557 (10)	95	WHO Regional Office for Africa
Mumps
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Korea	211		Korea CDC
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		231
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		151
01/01/2023–26/04/2023	South Africa	580		Outbreak News Today
21/05/2023–27/05/223	Taiwan, China	9		Taiwan CDC, China
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		6
Murray Valley encephalitis
01/05/2023	Australia	1	14	Outbreak News Today
01/01/2023–10/06/2023		7	2	United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
Norwalk virus
01/04/2023	Macao, China	22		Government of the Macao Special Administrative Region
2023/5/15–26/05/2023	USA	97		ProMED-mail
Norovirus
01/05/2023–28/05/2023	U.K.	473		UK Health Security Agency
Nipah Virus
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Singapore	1		Ministry of Health, Singapore
Plague
01/01/2023–14/06/2023	Democratic Republic of Congo	29	4	ProMED-mail
Poliomyelitis
25/05/2023	Afghanistan	WPV1: 1		ProMED-mail
26/05/2023		56		Outbreak News Today
31/05/2023–06/06/2023		WPV1: 1		Global Polio website
24/05/2023–30/05/2023	Central African Republic	cVDPV2:1		Global Polio website
31/05/2023–06/06/2023	Chad	cVDPV2:2		Global Polio website
07/06/2023–13/06/2023	Côte d’Ivoire	cVDPV2:1		Global Polio Website
17/05/2023–23/05/2023	Democratic Republic of the Congo	cVDPV2: 9; cVDPV1: 3		Global Polio website
31/05/2023–06/06/2023		cVDPV2:5
07/06/2023–13/06/2023		cVDPV2:6
07/06/2023–13/06/2023		cVDPV1:10
07/06/2023–13/06/2023	Mali	cVDPV2:2		Global Polio Website
07/06/2023–13/06/2023	Nigeria	cVDPV2:4		Global Polio Website
Ross River virus
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Australia	67		Australian Government Department of Health
15/05/2023–28/05/2023		55
Salmonellosis
17/04/2023–30/04/2023	Australia	489		Australian Government Department of Health
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	USA	308		US CDC
14/05/2023–20/05/2023		347
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		358
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		419
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		331
Scarlet fever
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	Korea	20		Korea CDC
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		8
Scrub typhus
05/2023	Thailand	234		Ministry of Public Health, Thailand
Streptococcus pneumoniae
08/05/2023–14/05/2023	Japan	50		National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Japan
22/05/2023–28/05/2023		48
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	9		Korea CDC
28/05/2023–03/06/2023	Taiwan, China	10		Taiwan CDC, China
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		11
07/05/2023–13/05/2023	USA	186		US CDC
14/05/2023–20/05/2023		184
21/05/2023–27/05/2023		178
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		152
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		163
Rickettsia tsutsugamushi
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	22		Korea CDC
West Nile fever
01/01/2023–13/06/2023	USA	13		US CDC
07/06/2023		1		Outbreak News Today
19/06/2023		1		U.S. CDC
Whooping cough
01/05/2023–14/05/2023	Australian	29		Australian Government Department of Health
01/01/2023–01/06/2023	Israel	215		ProMED-mail
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Korea	2		Korea CDC
04/06/2023–10/06/2023	Singapore	1		Australian Government Department of Health
01/01/2023–05/06/2023	Spain	45		ProMED-mail
14/05/2023–20/05/2023	USA	31		US CDC
28/05/2023–03/06/2023		38
04/06/2023–10/06/2023		49
Yellow fever
13/06/2023	Bolivia	1		ProMED-mail
01/01/2023–29/05/2023	Brazil	4	2	ProMED-mail
08/05/2023	Côte d’Ivoire	1		WHO Regional Office for Africa
30/05/2023		1		World Epidemic Information Network
Zika virus
01/01/2023–27/05/2023	Belize	322		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–03/06/2023	Bolivia	793 (1)		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–22/04/2023	Brazil	7352 (608)		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
19/06/2023		8414		Ministry of Health, Brazil
01/01/2023–27/05/2023	Colombia	93		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
01/01/2023–10/06/2023	Peru	31 (1)		WHO Regional Office for the Americas
31/05/2023	Singapore	3		Ministry of Health, Singapore
12/06/2023		1		National Environment Agency, Singapore

CONCLUSION

Infectious diseases affecting humans are ever-present, whether the common cold, cholera, and a plague, which adversely affect human society. With globalization, emerging infectious disease quickly spread widely around the world. To control the global spread of infectious diseases and ensure the safety of people’s lives, it is necessary to regularly analyze global infectious disease cases.

The COVID-19 pandemic and other recent large-scale disease outbreaks have highlighted how healthcare facilities can contribute to the spread of infection if insufficient attention is paid to infection prevention and control. In the past month, new COVID-19 cases and deaths have decreased compared to the previous month, but because SARS-CoV-2 is highly variable and contagious, we still need continuous attention and prevention and control. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as XBB.1.5 and XBB.1.16, over the past few months highlights one of the major challenges facing this pandemic.

At the same time, seasonal outbreaks of influenza, dengue fever, and malaria remain public health concerns around the world. The number of influenza cases in the United States decreased in early summer compared to past months. In contrast, Australia, which is in winter, has had a marked increase in influenza infections. In addition, we should be vigilant for sporadic infectious diseases, such as chikungunya, legionellosis, polio, scarlet fever, and Hantavirus, to avoid a global pandemic.

CONFLICTS OF INTEREST

The authors declare no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and publication of this article.

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