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      CANADA AND THE MIDDLE EASTTODAY: ELECTORAL POLITICS AND FOREIGN POLICY

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            Journal
            arabstudquar
            10.2307/j50005550
            Arab Studies Quarterly
            Pluto Journals
            02713519
            1 October 2010
            : 32
            : 4
            : 191-217
            Article
            10.2307/41858634
            2a74330f-af27-42e1-8dce-b09ca793ec34
            © THE CENTER FOR ISLAMIC AND MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES 2010

            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

            History

            Social & Behavioral Sciences

            Notes

            1. Tom Flanagan, "Thou shalt not lean too far to the right," Globe and Mail, September 22, 2007.

            2. Michelle Collins, "How the Jewish Vote Swung from Red to Blue," Embassy, February 11, 2009.

            3. Marci McDonald, "Stephen Harper and the Theo-cons," The Walrus, 3:8 (October 2006), 50-51. Christian Coalition International (Canada), Stephen Harper, "Rediscovering the Right Agenda," June 2003 www.ccicinc.org/politicalaffairs/060103.html (11/6/2007).

            4. New Democrats. Barry Kay, "The Denominational Vote: Non-Christians," September 17, 2008, www.wlu.ca/lispop/fedblog/?p=67 (9/23/2008).

            5. Tom Flanagan, Harper's Team: Behind the Scenes in the Conservative Rise to Power (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2007), 280.

            6. Don Martin, "Tories campaign on ethnic outreach," National Post, February 19, 2008.

            7. Flanagan, Harper's Team, 281.

            8. Daniel Leblanc, "Tories target specific ethnic voters," Globe and Mail, October 16, 2007; "Anatomy of a Conservative Strategy," Globe and Mail, October 16, 2007.

            9. Brent E. Sasley and Tami Amanda Jacoby, "Canada's Jewish and Arab Communities and Canadian Foreign Policy," in Paul Heinbecker and Bessma Momani, eds., Canada and the Middle East in Theory and Practice (Waterloo: Wilfred Laurier University Press, 2007), 197.

            10. Daniel Leblanc, "Tories target specific ethnic voters," Globe and Mail, October 16, 2007; "Anatomy of a Conservative strategy," Globe and Mail , October 16, 2007; Daniel Leblanc, "Responses to tactics range from outrage to shrugs," Globe and Mail, October 17, 2007; Marci McDonald, The Armageddon Factor: The Rise of Christian Nationalism in Canada (Toronto: Random House Canada, 2010), 38.

            11. "Anatomy of a Conservative strategy," and Sasley and Jacoby, "Canada's Jewish and Arab Communities," 198. "Muslim Communities: The Pitfalls of Decision-Making in Canadian Foreign Policy," in David Carment and David Bercuson, eds., The World in Canada: Diaspora, Demography, and Domestic Politics (Montreal & Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2008), 118. Liât Radcliffe Ross, "Canadian Muslims and Foreign Policy," International Journal, LXIII: 1 (Winter 2007-08), 187-205.

            12. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy (Toronto: Viking Canada, 2007), 132, 129, 132.

            13. Stacey Stein, "Harper criticizes Liberals on Israel," Canadian Jewish News, January 30, 2003. McDonald, "Stephen Harper and the Theo-cons," 49.

            14. Lloyd Mackey, Stephen Harper: The Case for Collaborative Governance (Toronto: ECW Press, 2006), 92.

            15. Brian Laghi, "It's a marriage of principle and politics," Globe and Mail, July 18, 2006.

            16. Leslie Scrivener, "Jewish Liberals a Hezbollah casualty?" Toronto Star, August 20, 2006. Father Raymond J. De Souza, "The Christian case for supporting Israel," National Post, May 8, 2008.

            17. Harold M. Waller, "Organized Canadian Jewry: 'CJC's glory days are long past," Canadian Jewish News, March 15, 2007.

            18. Harold M. Waller, "The evolution of Canadian Jewish advocacy: CIJA shifts the focus," Canadian Jewish News, March 22, 2007.

            19. Ibid. David Noble, "The New Israel Lobby in Action," Canadian Dimension (November-December 2005), Dan Freeman-Maloy, "AIPAC North: Israel Advocacy in Canada," ZNet, June 26, 2006, www.zmag.org/content/showarticle. cfm?SectionID=107&ItemID=10486 (12/20/2007).

            20. The Canadian Council for Israel and Jewish Advocacy, www.cija.ca/eng/home.htm (7/11/2008); Waller, "The evolution of Canadian Jewish Advocacy"; McDonald, The Armageddon Factor, 318-321.

            21. Jeff Sallot, "Neutrality on Mideast favoured, polls found," Globe and Mail, November 12, 2004; Jeffrey Simpson, "Canadians don't share Ottawa's pro-Israel tilt," Globe and Mail, February 1, 2005.

            22. Waller, "The evolution of Canadian Jewish Advocacy."

            23. Stephen Scheinberg, "Partners for Imperium: B'nai Brith Canada and the Christian Right," Canadian Jewish Outlook (July-August 2008), 5-8, 37-39; McDonald, The Armageddon Factor. 318-323.

            24. Paul Lungen, "Evangelical Christian leaders head to Israel," Canadian Jewish News, March 13, 2003; Paul Lungen, "Evangelical Christians planning next mission," Canadian Jewish News, March 27, 2003. Robert McMahon, "Christian Evangelicals and U.S. Foreign Policy," www.cfr.org/publication/11341 (27/3/08) Douglas Todd, "'Christian Zionist' beliefs cause unease among Jews," Vancouver Sun, August 25, 2007. Mearscheimer and Waltz, The Israel Lobby, 132-139.

            25. Etgar Lefkovits, "Canadian government forming pro-Israel lobby," Jerusalem Post, February 4, 2007, www.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite7cid-1170359780973&pagename=JPost%2FJPArtic... (11/5/2007); Knesset Christian Allies Caucus, www.cac.org.il (11/22/2007).

            26. Janice Arnold, "Christians must stand with Israel, evangelical leader says," Canadian Jewish News, July 12, 2007; Lloyd Mackey, "Israeli politicians court Canadian evangelicals," canadi- anchristianity.com, www.canadianchristianity.com/cgi-bin/na.cgi7nationalupdates/070215israel (3/6/2008); McDonald, The Armageddon Factor, 332-333.

            27. Scrivener, "Jewish Liberals a Hezbollah casualty?"

            28. Charles Flicker, "Next Year in Jerusalem," International Journal, LVIII:I (Winter 2002-03), 115-138; Jeffrey Simpson, Discipline of Power: The Conservative Interlude and the Liberal Restoration (Toronto: Personal Library, Publishers, 1980), 153.

            29. Flicker, "Next Year in Jerusalem," 137.

            30. David H. Goldberg, "The Post-Statehood Relationship: A Growing Friendship," in Ruth Klein and Frank Dimant, eds., From Immigration to Integration, The Canadian Jewish Experience: A Millennium Edition (Toronto: Malcolm Lester, 2001), 141.

            31. Michael Bell, Michael Malloy, and Sallama Shaker, "Practitioners' Perspectives on Canada-Middle East Relations," in Heinbecker and Momani, eds., Canada and the Middle East, 12.

            32. Goldberg, "The Post-Statehood Relationship," 143.

            33. John Ibbitson, "In case you missed it, our Mideast policy has shifted," Globe and Mail, December 3, 2004.

            34. Goldberg, "The Post-Statehood Relationship," 143; Scrivener, "Jewish Liberals a Hezbollah casualty?"

            35. Pat Johnson, "Israel supporters in cabinet," Jewish Independent, January 9, 2004.

            36. Paul Lungen, "Canada shifts vote on UN resolution," Canadian Jewish News, March 16, 2006.

            37. John Ibbitson, "Is Canada preparing to shift line in the sand?" Globe and Mail, October 21, 2004; Ron Csillag, "Liberal MPs work to change Canada's UN votes on Israel," Canadian Jewish News, October 28, 2004; Scrivener, "Jewish Liberals a Hezbollah casualty?" Federal Accountability Act, passed by parliament in 2007.

            38. Campbell Clark, "Pro-Israel shift at UN keeps balance, MPs say," Globe and Mail, December 2, 2004; Paul Martin, Hell or High Water: My Life In and Out of Politics (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2008), 348-352.

            39. Sean McCarthy, "Ottawa set to reject anti-Israeli resolutions," Globe and Mail, December 1, 2005.

            40. Ron Csillag, "No Jewish MPs in new government," Canadian Jewish News, February 2, 2006.

            41. Anna Morgan, "Elections here and there pose a Mideast dilemma," Toronto star, January 22, 2006.

            42. Jeff Sallot, "How Tories tripped over Hamas," Globe and Mail, March 9, 2006.

            43. Canada, Office of the Prime Minister, "Statement by the Prime Minister on the situation in the Palestinian Authority," News Release, February 14, 2006.

            44. Sallot, "How Tories tripped over Hamas."

            45. "Canada halts funding to Hamas-led PA," Canadian Jewish News, April 6, 2006; Paul Wells, Right Side Up: The Fall of Paul Martin and the Rise of Stephen Harper s New Conservatism (Toronto: McClelland & Stewart, 2006), 294-295.

            46. CJN News Services, "Canada halts funding to Hamas-led PA," Canadian Jewish News, April 6, 2006.

            47. Diane Koven, "Cutting off Hamas 'a no-brainer,' ex-envoy Norm Spector says," Canadian Jewish News, April 27, 2006.

            48. Diane Koven, "Prime Minister links Holocaust with current threats to Israel," Canadian Jewish News, May 4, 2006.

            49. McDonald, The Armageddon Factor, 308-311.

            50. Brian Laghi, "Discipline, control mark PM's management style," Globe and Mail, April 8, 2006; Jeff Sallot, "Canada vetoes key UN motion on refugees," Globe and Mail, March 11, 2006.

            51. Paul Lungen, "Canada shifts vote on UN resolution," Canadian Jewish News, March 16, 2006.

            52. Mark MacKinnon, "Lebanon invasion 'serious failure' Israeli panel says," Globe and Maily January 31, 2008.

            53. Jane Taber, "Harper defends Israel's right to 'defend itself'," Globe and Mail, July 14, 2006.

            54. Jane Taber, "PM brands Canada an 'energy super power'," Globe and Mail, July 15, 2006.

            55. Peter Baker, "Overseas tensions force Bush to change direction," Washington Post, July 27, 2006; John Ibbitson, "Harper under the gun in first foreign-policy crisis," Globe and Mail, July 17, 2006.

            56. G8 Summit 2006, "Middle East," News Release, July 16, 2006, http://en.g8russia.ru/docs/21. html (2/27/2008); Jane Taber and Graeme Smith, "G8 leaders urge Israel to exercise restraint," Globe and Mail, July 17, 2006.

            57. Canadian Press, "Harper stance firm despite deaths," Toronto Star, July 17, 2006.

            58. Mike Blanchfield, "Harper nixes call for peacekeepers," National Post, July 18, 2006.

            59. Graham Fraser and Tonda MacCharles, "Evacuation: the inside story," Toronto Star, July 21, 2006.

            60. Mike De Souza, "Harper's evacuation efforts OK, poll finds," Calgary Herald, July 22, 2006.

            61. Juliet O'Neil, "Public split on PM's Mideast stand," Calgary Herald, July 24, 2006.

            62. Les Whittington, "No deal on truce at Rome meeting," Toronto Star, July 27, 2006; Allison Hanes, "No peace in Mideast with Hezbollah: PM," National Post, July 26, 2006.

            63. CBC News, "Deaths of Canadian officer, UN observers preventable: board," February 1, 2008, www.cbc.ca/canada/ottawa/story/2008/02/01/kruedener-inquiry.html (2/7/2008); Steven Edwards, "Bomb fallout rattles UN," National Post, July 27, 2006.

            64. Jessica Freiman, "8,000 rally for Israel in Toronto," Canadian Jewish News, August 3, 2006; CBC News, "Pro-Israel rally in Toronto draws thousands," July 27, 2006, www.cbc. ca.canada/toronto/story/2006/07/27/toronto-rally-israel.html (11/29/2007).

            65. Institute for Canadian Values, "Christians cannot remain neutral," News Release, August 1, 2006, www.canadian values. ca/friendly.aspx?aid=203 (11/6/2007).

            66. Christians United for Israel-Canada, "Christian and Jewish Leaders call for National Day of Prayer for Israel and the Peace of Jerusalem," News Release, August 9, 2006, www.cufi.ca/ documents/0008.htm (11/6/2007); Marci McDonald, "Stephen Harper and the Theo-cons," 58.

            67. Linda Diebel, "Tories draw on Mideast crisis to raise money," Toronto Star, July 29, 2006; Bill Curry, "Tories seek donations to defend Ottawa's stand on Middle East," Globe and Mail, July 29, 2006.

            68. Bill Graham, "Mr. Harper has squandered our historic role as Mideast bridge-builder," Globe and Mail, August 2, 2006, www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM. 20060802. wcomment0802/BNStor... (8/3/2006).

            69. Brian Laghi, "Only 32% back PM on Mideast," Globe and Mail, August 1, 2006.

            70. Paul Lungen, "Harper rejects moral equivalence between Israel and terrorists," Canadian Jewish News, August 3, 2006.

            71. Campbell Clark, "Liberal power couple back Harper on Mideast," Globe and Mail, August 4, 2006.

            72. Allison Hanes, "Jewish leaders see support shift from Grits," National Post, August 5, 2006.

            73. Mike De Souza, "Harper refuses to let polls dictate policy on Mideast," National Post, August 5, 2006, Les Whittington, "Reaction to Mideast policy expected, PM," Toronto Star, August 5, 2006.

            74. Christopher Guly, "Middle East crisis 'at the top' of Tory caucus agenda," Hill Times, August 7, 2006.

            75. Canada, Office of the Prime Minister, "Prime Minister Harper announces Special Advisor on South Asia and the Middle East," News Release, August 8, 2006.

            76. Linda Diebel, "PM seeks advice—from a Liberal," Toronto Star, August 9, 2006.

            77. Campbell Clark, "PM picks Muslim Liberal MP as advisor on Mideast," Globe and Mail, August 9, 2006.

            78. Can West News Service, "Arab-Canadian groups skeptical about Harper's Liberal advisor," National Post, August 11, 2006.

            79. Joel Kom, "Liberal under fire from own party over Hezbollah remarks," National Post, August 22, 2006; Jeff Sallot, "Hezbollah to stay on banned list," Globe and Mail, August 22, 2006; Ian Bailey, "Liberal resigns post over Mideast remarks," Calgary Herald , August 24, 2006.

            80. Sean Gordon, "War crime remark costs Ignatieff key aide," Toronto Star, October 12, 2006.

            81. Graeme Hamilton, "Leadership contenders anti-Israel, Harper says," National Post, October 13, 2006.

            82. Editorial, "Ignatieff plays into his opponents' hands," Globe and Mail, October 13, 2006; John Ivison, "Ignatieif 's judgment the real issue," National Post, October 13, 2006.

            83. Graeme Hamilton, "Jewish voters face 'moment of truth'," National Post, October 18, 2006.

            84. Prime Minister Stephen Harper, "Speech to B'nai Brith at the Award of Merit Dinner," October 18, 2006; Daniel Leblanc, "PM blocks Lebanon resolution," Globe and Mail, September 30, 2006.

            85. Sheri Shefa, "PM stresses his support for Israel," Canadian Jewish News, October 26, 2006.

            86. Brian Laghi, "Liberals, Tories in a dead heat," Globe and Mail, October 18, 2006; Innovation Research Group, "Foreign Policy Under a Conservative Government: An Interim Report Card," October 30, 2006, www.cdfai.org (10/11/2006).

            87. Steven Edwards, "Conservatives reversing Canada's position at UN," National Post, November 17, 2006; Steven Edwards, "Canada's UN stance shows tilt to Israel," Calgary Herald, December 1, 2006.

            88. Gloria Galloway, "Harper calls Hamas 'genocidal'," Globe and Mail, December 21, 2006.

            89. "Canada pursues 'niche' in restoring Middle East peace," Toronto Star, December 26, 2006.

            90. Matthew Fisher, "Palestinians seek Canada's help," Calgary Herald, January 20, 2007; Mark MacKinnon, "MacKay meets Abbas, but there's no welcome mat," Globe and Mail, January 20, 2007; Carolynne Wheeler and Mark MacKinnon, "MacKay chides Israel's Livni over barrier," Globe and Mail, January 22, 2007; Josh Mitnick, "MacKay dodges questions on thorny refugee issue," Toronto Star, January 22, 2007.

            91. Matthew Fisher, "Canada, Israel united against Iranian threats: MacKay," Calgary Herald, January 23, 2007, Mike Blanchfield, "Arabs, Muslims to mobilize against Tories," National Post. January 25, 2007.

            92. James Travers, "MacKay's muddled mission," Toronto Star, January 23, 2007.

            93. Campbell Clark, "Khan's Mideast report to remain under wraps, despite initial promise, Globe and Mail, January 8, 2007; Campbell Clark, "Khan assailed Harper before joining Tories," Globe and Mail, January 10, 2007.

            94. Allan Woods, "Harper says defections prove Tories appeal to ethnic voters," Toronto Star, January 12, 2007.

            95. Campbell Clark, "Khan's Mideast report to remain under wraps despite initial promise," Globe and Mail, January 8, 2007; Sheri Shefa, "Withheld report on Middle East trip raises questions," Canadian Jewish News, January 25, 2007.

            96. Carolynne Wheeler and Alex Dobrota, "PM faces fresh furor over Khan 'charade'," Globe and Mail, January 16, 2007.

            97. Alan Freeman, "Ottawa restores aid to Palestinian Authority," Globe and Mail, July 24, 2007; Andy Levy-Ajzenkopf, "Harper mulling reinstatement of funding to Palestinian Authority," Canadian Jewish News, July 19, 2007.

            98. Daniel Leblanc, "Voters disturbed by PM's letters, Thornhill MP says," Globe and Mail, October 19, 2007, Bruce Cheadle, "Jewish groups defend PM over holiday cards," Globe and Mail, October 13, 2007. Michael Valpy, "Holiday wish both baffling and bothersome," Globe and Mail, September 10, 2008.

            99. Foreign Affairs and International Trade Canada, "Canada Supports Palestinian Reform and Development," News Release 179 and attached Backgrounder, December 17, 2007; Karin Laub, "Donors pledge billions to Palestinians," Globe and MaiL December 18, 2007.

            100. Andy Levy-Ajzenkopf, "Bernier, Olmert trade complements," Canadian Jewish News, January 17, 2008, Oakland Ross, "Minister fails to answer policy question," Toronto Star, January 15, 2008.

            101. Bai Brach and Glenn Johnson, "Ottawa cautions Israel on Gaza," National Post, March 3, 2008; Paul Lungen, "Canada 'concerned' over Israeli measures," Canadian Jewish News, March 6, 2008; Carolynne Wheeler, "Gaza ceasefire deal at hand, Abbas says," Globe and Mail, March 11, 2008; Oakland Ross, "Shifting towards Israel?" Toronto Star, March 17, 2008.

            102. Steven Edwards, "Canada's courage sets pace," National Post, February 25, 2008.

            103. Andy Levy-Ajzenkopf, "Canada, Israel sign security declaration," Canadian Jewish News, March 27, 2008.

            104. Campbell Clark, "Israeli envoy fears policy shift," Globe and Mail, May 8, 2008, Brian Laghi, "Canada's backing of Israel unshakeable, Harper says," Globe and Mail, May 9, 2008, Tonda MacCharles, "Rae objects to Harper's 'smear'," Toronto Star, May 10, 2008.

            105. Canada, Office of the Prime Minister, "Prime Minister's Speech for Israel's 60th Anniversary," 8 May 2008.

            106. Jeff Davis. "PM Stirs Debate by Cozying Up to Moderate Muslims," Embassy, July 9, 2008; Michelle Collins, "The Test: Ethnic Voters Could Make or Break Tories," Embassy, September 17, 2008.

            107. James Travers, "Going negative big positive for Tories," Toronto Star, March 27, 2008.

            108. Canwest News Service, "Conservative majority still out of reach, poll finds," Calgary Herald, August 2, 2008.

            109. Janice Arnold, "Jewish shift to Tories in vote helped NDP, observers say," Canadian Jewish News, September 26, 2007.

            110. Jane Taber, "Where's Layton leaning? Toward hockey commentary," Globe and Mail, March 22, 2008.

            111. Andy Levy-Ajzenkopf and Janice Arnold, "Tories make inroads with Jewish voters," Canadian Jewish News, October 23, 2008.

            112. David Akin, Andrew Mayeda, Juliet O'Neill and Glenn Johnson, "Harper affirms Afghan pullout by 2011," Calgary Herald, September 11, 2008.

            113. Levy-Ajzenkopf and Arnold, "Tories make inroads with Jewish voters."

            114. Levy-Ajzenkopf and Arnold, "Tories make inroads with Jewish voters"; Marina Jiménez, "Tories see wins in ethnic ridings as proof Liberal lock on minorities is ending," Globe and Mail, October 27, 2008.

            115. Levy-Ajzenkopf and Arnold, "Tories make inroads with Jewish voters"; Mike Cohen, "Tories building Jewish support," Jewish Tribune, 23 October 2008.

            116. Andy Levy-Ajzenkopf, "Kent beats Kadis in Thornhill," Canadian Jewish News, October 23, 2008; Tess Kalinowski, "The wrath against Khan," Toronto Star, October 15, 2008.

            117. Leblanc, "Responses to tactics range from outrage to shrugs."

            118. Sheldon Gordon, "Where have all of Canada's Jewish Liberals gone?" Haaretz.com, December 24, 2009, www.haaretz.com/misc/article-print-page/where-have-all-of-canada-s-jewish-liberals... (6/18/2010). Linda Diebel, "Ignatieff apologizes for Israeli war crime comment," Toronto Star, April 14, 2008.

            119. James Travers, "Poke at mandarins misguided," Toronto Star, June 26, 2007.

            120. Janice Arnold, "Clark raps Harper government on Mideast," Canadian Jewish News, February 8, 2007. Heinbecker and Momani, eds., Canada and the Middle East.

            121. Diane Koven, "Harper cheered at CIJA event," Canadian Jewish News, February 15, 2007.

            122. Michelle Collins, "Harper's Silence on Middle East Politically Calculated, Experts Say," Embassy, January 7, 2009.

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