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      Arab Studies Quarterly

      Volume 34, Issue 4
       
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      DEMOCRACY PROMOTION AND ABSTRACTED SOVEREIGNTY

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            Journal ID (jstor): arabstudquar
            Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50005550
            Title: Arab Studies Quarterly
            Publisher: Pluto Journals
            ISSN (Print): 02713519
            Publication date (Print): 1 October 2012
            Volume: 34
            Issue: 4
            Pages: 205-229
            Article
            DOI: 10.2307/41858709
            SO-VID: 8cef5fbc-2b36-4e43-911c-0ef92c80e515
            Copyright © © THE CENTER FOR ISLAMIC AND MIDDLE EASTERN STUDIES 2012
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            All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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            Notes

            1. The Arab Indicators (conducted with more than 16,000 Arabs in the first half of 2011; results published March 1, 2012): http://www.dohainstitute.org/Home/ Details?entityID=5d045bf3-2df9-46cf-90a0-d92cbb5dd3e4&resourceId=536b2983-0abb-4blf- aee5-26d5138ee428.

            2. David Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 2011), 198.

            3. Ibid., 212.

            4. Karen De Young, "Saudi, Qatari plans to arm Syrian rebels risk overtaking cautious approach favored by U.S.," Washington Post , March 1, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ national-security/saudi-qatari-plans-to-arm-syrian-rebels-risk-overtaking-cautious-approach- favored-by-us/2012/03/01/gIQArWQflR story.html. Accessed March 14, 2012.

            5. Ali Shuaib and Hisham El Dani, "Libya militia boss says not ready to lay down arms," February 27,2012, http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE81Q1KD20120227?sp=true.Accessed March 12, 2012.

            6. "Tribal leaders and Libyan politicians will declare an Independent Zone in Barqa next week," March 2, 2012, Al-Quds al-'Arabi, http://www.alquds.co.uk/index.asp?fname=latest/data/2012- 03-02-17-31-47.htm. Accessed March 12, 2012.

            7. Hillary Clinton, Interview, "Clinton: Syria risking civil war," BBC , February 26, 20 1 2, http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17170775. Accessed March 12, 2012.

            8. "New Brigade takes shape," Gulf Times, March 1, 2012, http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/ article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=489820&version=l&template_id=37&parent_id=17. Accessed March 12, 2012.

            9. Thomas Lemke, "Foucault, Governmentality, and Critique," http://www.andosciasociology.net/ resources/Foucault$2C+Governmentality$2C+and+Critique+IV-2.pdf, p. 2. "Foucault, The Subject and Power" in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: Harvester, 1982), 208-226.

            10. Amro Hassan, "Islamists expected to dominate Egypt's constitutional panel," LA Times, March 24, 2012, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/03/islamists-egypt-constitutional-panel. html

            11. Mohammed Ghobari and Mohammed Mukhashaf, "Air strikes in Yemen kill 45 suspected Qaeda militants," Reuters, March 10, 2012, http://www.reuters.eom/article/2012/03/10/us-yemen-airstrike- idUSBRE82905V201203 10. Accessed March 10,2012.

            12. Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).

            13. US reservations, declarations, and understandings, International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 138 Cong. Ree. S4781-01 (April 2, 1992). http://wwwl.umn.edu/humanrts/usdocs/civilres. html. Accessed March 10, 2012.

            14. Michael Mandelbaum's "Democracy without America: The Spontaneous Spread of Freedom," Foreign Affairs 86:5 (September-October 2007), 119-130, 127.

            15. Peter Gowan, A Calculus of Power (London & Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2010).

            16. Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1963, 2006).

            17. Ralph Milliband, The State in Capitalist Society: The Analysis of the Western System of Power (London: Quartet Books, 1969), 156.

            18. Aristotle, chapter 14, book seven, (Translated with an Introduction and Appendixes by Ernest Barker), The Politics of Aristotle (London, Oxford & NY: Oxford University Press, original 1946, seventh edition 1962).

            19. Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (NY & London: Harper Perennial, 1942, third edition 1962). William Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 269.

            20. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971).

            21. C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959). Robert Dahl, "Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City," Administrative Science Quarterly 6:4 (1962), 517-519.

            22. Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (Yale: Yale University Press, 1989).

            23. Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 10.

            24. Przeworksi (2009) Adam Przeworksi, "Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions," British Journal of Political Science 39:2 (2009), 291-321.

            25. John Rawls, The Law of Peoples: with "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). Nye, Soft Power.

            26. Nye, Soft Power, 23.

            27. Charles Issawi, An Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the Polegomena of Ibn-Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1446), New Bedford, MA: Darwin Press, 1950, 1987 Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of Shiite and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century, London & NY: I.B. Tauris, 1982 Bertrand Badie, Les Deux Etats, Pouvoir et société en Occident et en terre d'Islam, Paris: Fayard, 1986 Abdullah Laroui, Islam et Modernité, Paris: La Découverte, 1987 Ghassan Salame, "Introduction: Where are the Democrats?" in Democracy without Democrats: The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, NY: I.B. Tauris, 1991 Patrick Seale, Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East, London: I.B. Tauris, 1988 Khaldun An-Naquib, State and Society in the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula, London: Routledge, 1990, first published in Arabic in 1987 Samuel Huntington and Clement H. Moor, Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society, NY & London: Basic Books, 1970 Salame, "Introduction: Where are the Democrats?"

            28. Jason Brownlee, "Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions," American Journal of Political Science 53:3 (July 2009), 515-532.

            29. Milliband, The State in Capitalist Society.

            30. Rawls, The Law of Peoples; Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics.

            31. Milliband, The State in Capitalist Society: 8, 44, 59-60, 89-91, 111-113, 129, 212, 234.

            32. Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, World Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2004). Also, Gowan, A Calculus of Power, 234.

            33. Yasmine Gado, "Should Egypt repay its $30 billion debt?" Al-Masry al-Youm, October 30, 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/510366. Accessed March 14, 2012. World Development Indicators, 2006-2009, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.DOD.DECT. CD http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.TDS.DECT.EX.ZS. Accessed March 8, 2012.

            34. Gowan, A Calculus of Power.

            35. Aram Roston and David Rohde, "Business side of Egypt's army blurs lines of aid from U.S.," New York Times, March 5, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/world/middleeast/06military. html?_r= 1 &pagewanted=all. Accessed March 7, 2012. James V. Grimaldi and Robert O' Harrow Jr., "In Egypt, corruption cases had an American root," October 19, 201 1, http://www.washingtonpost. com/investigations/in-egypt-corruption-had-an-american-root/20 11/1 0/07/gIQ AApWoyLstory. html. Accessed March 7, 2012.

            36. Peter Grier, "US aid to Egypt: What does it buy?" Christian Science Monitor, February 15, 2011, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Politics/DC-Decoder/2011/0215/US-aid-to-Egypt-What-does-it- buy.Accessed March 14, 2012.

            37. Josh Rogin, "State Department training Islamic political parties in Egypt," Foreign Policy, March 11, 2011, http://thecable.foreignpolicy.com/posts/2011/11/03/state_department_training_islamic_ political_parties_in_egypt. Accessed March 7, 2012.

            38. Stephen Zunes and Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "External Actors and Non-Violent Struggle," in Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, ed. Maria Stephan (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 91-104.

            39. Alex Jeffrey, "The Politics of 'Democratization': Lessons from Bosnia and Iraq," Review of International Political Economy 14:3 (August 2007), 444-466.

            40. Richard N. Haass, "The New Middle East," Foreign Affairs 85:6 (November-December, 2006), 2-11.

            41. Pew Research Center, "Obama's Challenge in the Muslim World, Arab Spring Fails to Improve U.S. Image," May 17, 2011, http://www.pewglobal.org/2011/05/17/arab-spring-fails-to-improve- us-image/2/. Accessed March 14, 2012.

            42. Thomas Carothers, "The Backlash against Democracy Promotion," Foreign Affairs 85:2 (March-April, 2006), 55-68. Martha Finnemore, "Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn't All It's Cracked up to Be," World Politics 61:1, International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity (January 2009): 58-85.

            43. Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2007).

            44. Christopher Layne, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).

            45. Ibid., 44-49, 91.

            46. Gowan, A Calculus of Power, 242. Robert Fisk, "US envoy's business link to Egypt," The Independent , February 7, 2011, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-envoys-business-link-to-egypt-2206329. html. Accessed March 14, 2012.

            47. David Gibbs, "Power Politics, NATO, and the Libyan Intervention," Counterpunch, September 15, 2011, http://www.counterpunch.org/2011/09/15/power-politics-nato-and-the-libyan-intervention/

            48. Ari Vatanen, "Report on the Role of NATO in the Security Architecture of the EU (2008/2 197(INI)), Committee on Foreign Affairs, EU, January 28, 2009, http://www.europarl. europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?language=EN&reference=A6-0033/2009. Accessed March 10, 2012. Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri, Empire (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2000) Multitude (NY: Penguin Press, 2005). In 2009, Philip Crowther, "Sarkozy opens French military base in Abu Dhabi," France24, May 27, 2009, http://www.france24.com/en/20090526-sarkozy-opens-french-military-base-abu-dhabi-.Accessed March 10, 2012. NATO Parliamentary Assembly, "NATO PA-176 PCNP 05E—NATO-EU Security Co-operation," http:// www.nato-pa.int/default.asp?SHORTCUT=675. Accessed March 10, 2012.

            49. The GCC, like NATO, is an efficient mechanism for sustaining US hegemony in the region. "Libya and its allies, All too friendly," The Economist, November 12, 2011, http://www.economist.com/ node/21538208. Accessed March 8, 2012.

            50. Alastair Macdonald, "Oil rush aids new Libya government, challenges ahead," Reuters, November 10, 2011, http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/11/10/us-libya-idUSTRE7A96A920111110. Accessed March 9, 2012. Yacine Abdelbaki, "Mehdi Harati, 'I received €200,000 from U.S. secret services,'" al-Nahar, November 9, 2011, http://www.ennaharonline.com/en/international/7668. html. Accessed March 7, 2012.

            51. "Libya set to get back $37 billion from U.S.," Money CNN, October 20, 2011, http://money.cnn. com/2011/10/20/news/economy/Libyan_assets/index.htm. Accessed March 8, 2012.

            52. Timothy Mitchell, "Carbon Democracy," Economy and Society 38:3 (August 2009), 399-432.

            53. Timothy Mitchell, Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil (London: Verso, 2011).

            54. Robert Vitalis, America s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 18-26, 93-94, 149-162, 173, 182, 207, http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/20/ news/economy/Libyanassets/index.htm. Accessed March 8, 2012.

            55. David Gibbs, "Pretexts and U.S. Foreign Policy: The War on Terrorism in Historical Perspective," New Political Science 26:3 (September 2004), 293-321 .

            56. Howard LaFranchi, "New poll: angry at US, Arabs support an Iran nuclear bomb," Christian Science Monitor, August 6, 2010, http://www.csmonitor.com/USA/Foreign-Policy/2010/0806/ New-poll-angry-at-US-Arabs-support-an-Iran-nuclear-bomb. Accessed March 12, 2012.

            57. UPI, "Gulf states bail out US military industry," March 6, 2012, http://www.upl.com/Business_News/Security- Industry/2012/03/06/Gulf-states-bale-out-US-arms-industry/UPI-29361331067399/?spt=hs&or=si. Accessed March 10, 2012. Benjamin Bidder and Clemens Hoges, "Democracy or dollars? Weapons sales to the Arab world under scrutiny," Der Spiegel, April 1, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/ world/0,15 18, 754224,00.html. Accessed March 10, 2012.

            58. The Arab Indicators (conducted with more than 16,000 Arabs in the first half of 2011; results published March 1, 2012): http://www.dohainstitute.org/Home/Details?entityID=5d045bf3-2df9-46cf-90a0- d92cbb5dd3e4&resourceld=536b2983-0abb-4blf-aee5-26d5138ee428. Accessed March 14, 2012.

            59. LaFranchi, "New poll."

            60. Peter Gowan, The Global Gamble: Washington s Faustian Bid for World Dominance (London: Verso, 1999).

            61. David Slater, "Imperial Powers and Democratic Imaginations," Third World Quarterly 27:8 (2006), 1369-1386.

            62. Gowan, A Calculus of Power, 4-9.

            63. Hamed El-Said and Jane Harrigan, "Globalization, International Finance, and Political Islam in the Arab World," Middle East Journal 60:3 (Summer 2006), 444-466.

            64. Ha-Joon Chang, Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008).

            65. Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy, 6-27, 67-69.

            66. Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy, 49.

            67. Hossam Al-Hamalawi, Video: "Egypt's Mass Strikes: When the Economic Becomes Political," September 18, 2011, Arabawi.com, http://www.arabawy.org/2011/09/18/egyworkers-mass-strikes- when-the-economic-becomes-political/. Accessed March 14, 2012.

            68. Eva Bellin, "Civil Society: Effective Tool of Analysis for Middle East Politics?" Political Science and Politics 27:3 (September 1994), 509-510.

            69. Joshua A. Stacher, "A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and its Effects on Egyptian Political Culture," Arab Studies Quarterly 23:3 (Summer 2001), 83-99.

            70. National Endowment for Democracy, "Middle East and North Africa," http://www.ned.org/ where-we-work/middle-east-and-northem-africa. Accessed March 11, 2012.

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            74. Rania Badawi, "Al-'Askari," Al-Masry Al-Yawm, March 28, 2012, http://www.almasry-alyoum. com/article2.aspx?ArticleID=333011. Accessed April 8, 2012.

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            81. Samuel Huntington, "U.S. Council on Foreign Relations and the Trilateral Commission," Trilateral Commission Report on the Governability of Democracies, The Crisis of Democracy (1975: 169). Michel Crosier, Samuel Huntington, and Joji Watanuki, The Crisis of Democracy: On the Governability of Democracy (NY: New York University Press, 1975).

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