The Arab Indicators (conducted with more than 16,000 Arabs in the first half of 2011; results published March 1, 2012): http://www.dohainstitute.org/Home/ Details?entityID=5d045bf3-2df9-46cf-90a0-d92cbb5dd3e4&resourceId=536b2983-0abb-4blf- aee5-26d5138ee428.
David Harvey, The Enigma of Capital and the Crisis of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010, 2011), 198.
Ibid., 212.
Karen De Young, "Saudi, Qatari plans to arm Syrian rebels risk overtaking cautious approach favored by U.S.," Washington Post , March 1, 2012, http://www.washingtonpost.com/world/ national-security/saudi-qatari-plans-to-arm-syrian-rebels-risk-overtaking-cautious-approach- favored-by-us/2012/03/01/gIQArWQflR story.html. Accessed March 14, 2012.
Ali Shuaib and Hisham El Dani, "Libya militia boss says not ready to lay down arms," February 27,2012, http://af.reuters.com/article/worldNews/idAFTRE81Q1KD20120227?sp=true.Accessed March 12, 2012.
"Tribal leaders and Libyan politicians will declare an Independent Zone in Barqa next week," March 2, 2012, Al-Quds al-'Arabi, http://www.alquds.co.uk/index.asp?fname=latest/data/2012- 03-02-17-31-47.htm. Accessed March 12, 2012.
Hillary Clinton, Interview, "Clinton: Syria risking civil war," BBC , February 26, 20 1 2, http://www. bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-17170775. Accessed March 12, 2012.
"New Brigade takes shape," Gulf Times, March 1, 2012, http://www.gulf-times.com/site/topics/ article.asp?cu_no=2&item_no=489820&version=l&template_id=37&parent_id=17. Accessed March 12, 2012.
Thomas Lemke, "Foucault, Governmentality, and Critique," http://www.andosciasociology.net/ resources/Foucault$2C+Governmentality$2C+and+Critique+IV-2.pdf, p. 2. "Foucault, The Subject and Power" in Hubert Dreyfus and Paul Rabinow, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics (Brighton: Harvester, 1982), 208-226.
Amro Hassan, "Islamists expected to dominate Egypt's constitutional panel," LA Times, March 24, 2012, http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/world_now/2012/03/islamists-egypt-constitutional-panel. html
Mohammed Ghobari and Mohammed Mukhashaf, "Air strikes in Yemen kill 45 suspected Qaeda militants," Reuters, March 10, 2012, http://www.reuters.eom/article/2012/03/10/us-yemen-airstrike- idUSBRE82905V201203 10. Accessed March 10,2012.
Joseph S. Nye, Jr., Soft Power: The Means to Success in World Politics (New York: Public Affairs, 2004).
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Michael Mandelbaum's "Democracy without America: The Spontaneous Spread of Freedom," Foreign Affairs 86:5 (September-October 2007), 119-130, 127.
Peter Gowan, A Calculus of Power (London & Brooklyn, NY: Verso, 2010).
Hannah Arendt, On Revolution (New York, NY: Penguin Books, 1963, 2006).
Ralph Milliband, The State in Capitalist Society: The Analysis of the Western System of Power (London: Quartet Books, 1969), 156.
Aristotle, chapter 14, book seven, (Translated with an Introduction and Appendixes by Ernest Barker), The Politics of Aristotle (London, Oxford & NY: Oxford University Press, original 1946, seventh edition 1962).
Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism and Democracy (NY & London: Harper Perennial, 1942, third edition 1962). William Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy: Globalization, US Intervention, and Hegemony (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996), 269.
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971).
C. Wright Mills, The Sociological Imagination (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1959). Robert Dahl, "Who Governs: Democracy and Power in an American City," Administrative Science Quarterly 6:4 (1962), 517-519.
Robert Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics (Yale: Yale University Press, 1989).
Adam Przeworski, Democracy and the Market: Political and Economic Reforms in Eastern Europe and Latin America (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1991), 10.
Przeworksi (2009) Adam Przeworksi, "Conquered or Granted? A History of Suffrage Extensions," British Journal of Political Science 39:2 (2009), 291-321.
John Rawls, The Law of Peoples: with "The Idea of Public Reason Revisited" (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). Nye, Soft Power.
Nye, Soft Power, 23.
Charles Issawi, An Arab Philosophy of History: Selections from the Polegomena of Ibn-Khaldun of Tunis (1332-1446), New Bedford, MA: Darwin Press, 1950, 1987 Hamid Enayat, Modern Islamic Political Thought: The Response of Shiite and Sunni Muslims to the Twentieth Century, London & NY: I.B. Tauris, 1982 Bertrand Badie, Les Deux Etats, Pouvoir et société en Occident et en terre d'Islam, Paris: Fayard, 1986 Abdullah Laroui, Islam et Modernité, Paris: La Découverte, 1987 Ghassan Salame, "Introduction: Where are the Democrats?" in Democracy without Democrats: The Renewal of Politics in the Muslim World, NY: I.B. Tauris, 1991 Patrick Seale, Asad of Syria: The Struggle for the Middle East, London: I.B. Tauris, 1988 Khaldun An-Naquib, State and Society in the Gulf and the Arabian Peninsula, London: Routledge, 1990, first published in Arabic in 1987 Samuel Huntington and Clement H. Moor, Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society, NY & London: Basic Books, 1970 Salame, "Introduction: Where are the Democrats?"
Jason Brownlee, "Portents of Pluralism: How Hybrid Regimes Affect Democratic Transitions," American Journal of Political Science 53:3 (July 2009), 515-532.
Milliband, The State in Capitalist Society.
Rawls, The Law of Peoples; Dahl, Democracy and Its Critics.
Milliband, The State in Capitalist Society: 8, 44, 59-60, 89-91, 111-113, 129, 212, 234.
Immanuel Maurice Wallerstein, World Systems Analysis: An Introduction (Durham & London: Duke University Press, 2004). Also, Gowan, A Calculus of Power, 234.
Yasmine Gado, "Should Egypt repay its $30 billion debt?" Al-Masry al-Youm, October 30, 2011, http://www.almasryalyoum.com/en/node/510366. Accessed March 14, 2012. World Development Indicators, 2006-2009, http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.DOD.DECT. CD http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/DT.TDS.DECT.EX.ZS. Accessed March 8, 2012.
Gowan, A Calculus of Power.
Aram Roston and David Rohde, "Business side of Egypt's army blurs lines of aid from U.S.," New York Times, March 5, 2011, http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/06/world/middleeast/06military. html?_r= 1 &pagewanted=all. Accessed March 7, 2012. James V. Grimaldi and Robert O' Harrow Jr., "In Egypt, corruption cases had an American root," October 19, 201 1, http://www.washingtonpost. com/investigations/in-egypt-corruption-had-an-american-root/20 11/1 0/07/gIQ AApWoyLstory. html. Accessed March 7, 2012.
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Stephen Zunes and Saad Eddin Ibrahim, "External Actors and Non-Violent Struggle," in Civilian Jihad: Nonviolent Struggle, Democratization, and Governance in the Middle East, ed. Maria Stephan (NY: Palgrave Macmillan, 2009), 91-104.
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Richard N. Haass, "The New Middle East," Foreign Affairs 85:6 (November-December, 2006), 2-11.
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Thomas Carothers, "The Backlash against Democracy Promotion," Foreign Affairs 85:2 (March-April, 2006), 55-68. Martha Finnemore, "Legitimacy, Hypocrisy, and the Social Structure of Unipolarity: Why Being a Unipole Isn't All It's Cracked up to Be," World Politics 61:1, International Relations Theory and the Consequences of Unipolarity (January 2009): 58-85.
Naomi Klein, The Shock Doctrine: The Rise of Disaster Capitalism (New York: Picador, 2007).
Christopher Layne, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006).
Ibid., 44-49, 91.
Gowan, A Calculus of Power, 242. Robert Fisk, "US envoy's business link to Egypt," The Independent , February 7, 2011, http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-envoys-business-link-to-egypt-2206329. html. Accessed March 14, 2012.
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The GCC, like NATO, is an efficient mechanism for sustaining US hegemony in the region. "Libya and its allies, All too friendly," The Economist, November 12, 2011, http://www.economist.com/ node/21538208. Accessed March 8, 2012.
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Timothy Mitchell, "Carbon Democracy," Economy and Society 38:3 (August 2009), 399-432.
Timothy Mitchell, Carbon Democracy: Political Power in the Age of Oil (London: Verso, 2011).
Robert Vitalis, America s Kingdom: Mythmaking on the Saudi Oil Frontier (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2007), 18-26, 93-94, 149-162, 173, 182, 207, http://money.cnn.com/2011/10/20/ news/economy/Libyanassets/index.htm. Accessed March 8, 2012.
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UPI, "Gulf states bail out US military industry," March 6, 2012, http://www.upl.com/Business_News/Security- Industry/2012/03/06/Gulf-states-bale-out-US-arms-industry/UPI-29361331067399/?spt=hs&or=si. Accessed March 10, 2012. Benjamin Bidder and Clemens Hoges, "Democracy or dollars? Weapons sales to the Arab world under scrutiny," Der Spiegel, April 1, 2011, http://www.spiegel.de/international/ world/0,15 18, 754224,00.html. Accessed March 10, 2012.
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LaFranchi, "New poll."
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Gowan, A Calculus of Power, 4-9.
Hamed El-Said and Jane Harrigan, "Globalization, International Finance, and Political Islam in the Arab World," Middle East Journal 60:3 (Summer 2006), 444-466.
Ha-Joon Chang, Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2008).
Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy, 6-27, 67-69.
Robinson, Promoting Polyarchy, 49.
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Eva Bellin, "Civil Society: Effective Tool of Analysis for Middle East Politics?" Political Science and Politics 27:3 (September 1994), 509-510.
Joshua A. Stacher, "A Democracy with Fangs and Claws and its Effects on Egyptian Political Culture," Arab Studies Quarterly 23:3 (Summer 2001), 83-99.
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Christopher Layne, The Peace of Illusions: American Grand Strategy from 1940 to the Present (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 2006), 25-26.