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      THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSIONS OF AUTHORITARIAN REGIME STABILITY: JORDAN IN THE POST-COLD WAR ERA

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            Journal
            arabstudquar
            10.2307/j50005550
            Arab Studies Quarterly
            Pluto Journals
            02713519
            1 January 2008
            : 30
            : 1
            : 39-60
            Article
            10.2307/41859035
            124fba02-f8b1-4df2-ad7f-6ab02a4524ab

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            Social & Behavioral Sciences

            ENDNOTES

            1. Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), 4; Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1999), 10-13.

            2. Alexander L. George and Andrew Bennett, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), 75, 80- 81.

            3. Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble, eds., Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, 2 vols. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995 & 1998), Abdo Baaklini, Guilain Denoeux, and Robert Springborg, Legislative Politics in the Arab World: The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999).

            4. Daniel Brumberg, "The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13: No. 4 (2002), 56-68.

            5. Volker Perthes, ed., Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004), Marsha Pripstein Posusney and Michele Penner Angrist, eds., Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005).

            6. Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture (London: Frank Cass, 1994).

            7. Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani, eds., The Rentier State: Nation, State, and Integration in the Arab World (London: Croom Helm, 1987).

            8. Nazih Ayubi, Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995).

            9. Francesco Cavatorta's recent work: "The International Context of Morocco's Stalled Democratization," Democratization , Vol. 12: No. 4 (2005), 548-566.

            10. See further Laurence Whitehead, ed.. The International Dimension of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Peter Burneil, ed., Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Peter J. Schraeder, ed., Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002).

            11. Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, "Linkage versus Leverage: Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change," Comparative Politics, Vol. 38: No. 4 (2006).

            12. John Ikenberry, "America's Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post-War Era," in American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, eds. Michael Cox, Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).

            13. Fawaz Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).

            14. Mohammed M. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003), Jillian Schwedler, Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).

            15. Amy Hawthorne, "Do We Want Democracy in the Middle East?" Foreign Service Journal Online (Feb. 2001), Dimitris K. Xenakis, "Order and Change in the Euro-Mediterranean System," Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 11: No. 1 (2000), 75-90. Sheila Carapico, "Foreign Aid for Promoting Democracy in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Vol. 56: No. 3 (2002), 379-395.

            16. Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway, eds., Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005). Glenn Perry, "Imperial Democratization: Rhetoric and Reality," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28: Nos. 3-4 (2006), 55-87.

            17. Sami Mutawi, Jordan and the 1967 War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 2-18, André Bank and Oliver Schlumberger, "Jordan: Between Regime Survival and Economic Reform," in Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change.

            18. Rex Brynen, "Economic Crisis and Post-rentier Democratization in the Arab World," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25: No. 1 (1992), 69-97, Glenn Robinson, "Defensive Democratization in Jordan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30: No. 3 (1998), 387-410.

            19. Curtis Ryan, Jordan in Transition: From Hussein to Abdullah (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp. 19-20; Malik Mufti, "Elite Bargains and the Onset of Political Liberalization in Jordan," Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 32: No. 1 (1999), pp. 100-129.

            20. Eliyahu Kanovsky, "Jordan's Economy: From Prosperity to Crisis, in Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. XII: 1988, ed. Colin Legum (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1989), 381.

            21. Central Bank of Jordan, Yearly Statistical Series: 1964-1995 (Amman, 1996).

            22. World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 (online database).

            23. Central Bank of Jordan 1996.

            24. Bichara Khader and Adnan Badran, eds., The Economic Development of Jordan (London: Croom Helm, 1987), Laurie Brand, Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance-Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).

            25. World Bank 2006.

            26. Mufti 1999.

            27. Brand, '"In the Beginning Was the State...': The Quest for Civil Society In Jordan," in Civil Society in the Middle East, Vol. 1, ed. Augustus Richard Norton (Leiden: Brill, 1995).

            28. Kathrine Rath, "The Process of Democratization in Jordan," Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 30: No. 3 (1994), 543.

            29. Ali Kassay, "The Effects of External Forces on Jordan's Process of Démocratisation," in Jordan in Transition: 1990-2000, ed. George Joffé (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 51-55.

            30. United States Agency for International Development, U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations Database (Washington, D.C.: USAID, 2006).

            31. Markus Bouillon, "Walking the Tightrope: Jordanian Foreign Policy from the Gulf Crisis to the Peace Process and Beyond," in Jordan in Transition, 8-10.

            32. Yahya Sadowski, Scuds or Butter? The Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1993), p. 18; Yann Le Troquer and Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat, "From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28: No. 3 (1999), 40-42.

            33. Posusney, "Multiparty Elections in the Arab World: Election Rules and Opposition Responses," in Authoritarianism in the Middle East.

            34. Betty Anderson, "The Status of 'Democracy' in Jordan," Critique, No. 10 (1997), 61-67.

            35. Lamis Andoni and Jillian Schwedler, "Bread Riots in Jordan," Middle East Report, No. 201 (1996), 40-42.

            36. Russell Lucas, Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan: Domestic Responses to External Challenges, 1988-2001 (Albany: State University of New York, 2005), 87-98.

            37. Moin Siddiqi, "Economic Report: Jordan," The Middle East, No. 304 (2000), 38.

            38. Brand, "The Effects of the Peace Process on Political Liberalization in Jordan," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28: No. 2 (1999), 63-64.

            39. Pete W. Moore, "The Newest Jordan: Free Trade, Peace, and an Ace in the Hole," Middle East Report Online, 26 June 2003.

            40. Walid Abu-Dalbouh, "Jordan and the Euro- Mediterranean Partnership," in The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Assessing the First Decade, eds. Haizam Amirah Fernández and Richards Youngs (Madrid: FRIDE, 2006).

            41. Robert Chase, Emily Hill, and Paul Kennedy, "Pivotal States and U.S. Strategy," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75: No. 1 (1996), 33-51.

            42. World Bank 2006.

            43. Jane Harrigan, Hamed al-Said and Chengang Wang, "The IMF and the World Bank in Jordan: A Case of Over Optimism and Elusive Growth," The Review of International Organizations, Vol. 1: No. 3 (2006), 263-292.

            44. James Bruce, "Waiting for Helping Hands," Jane's Defense Weekly, Vol. 23: No. 26 (1995).

            45. Bank and Schlumberger, 40-52.

            46. Scott Greenwood, "Jordan, the al-Aqsa Intifada and America's 'War on Terror,'" Middle East Policy, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2003), 90-92.

            47. Schwedler, "Occupied Maan: Jordan's Closed Military Zone," Middle East Report Online, 3 December 2002.

            48. Public Opinion Polling Unit, Democracy in Jordan—2006 (Amman: Center for Strategic Studies at Jordan University, 2006).

            49. Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Jordan (December 2001), 16.

            50. Ryan and Schwedler, "Return to Democratization or New Hybrid Regime?: The 2003 Elections in Jordan," Middle East Policy, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2004), pp. 146-147.

            51. World Bank 2006 as well as OECD, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients, Part I: Developing Countries (International Development Statistical Database, 2006).

            52. Central Bank of Jordan, Yearly Statistical Series: 1964-2003 (Amman, 2004). Online <http://www.cbj.gov.jo/pages.php>.

            53. Stephen Glain, "Letter from Jordan," The Nation, 30 May 2005,

            54. Julia Choucair, "Illusive Reform: Jordan's Stubborn Stability, Democracy and Rule of Law Project Paper No. 76 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006), 17-20.

            55. Marwan Kardoosh, The Jordanian Economy into the Third Millennium: In the Eye of the Regional Storm: Developments in 2003-2005, Outlook for 2006-2007 (Amman: Jordan Center for Public Policy Research and Dialogue, 2006), 1-5.

            56. Freedom House's Freedom in the World reports after the early 1990s, or the concise treatments in Chouchair 2006; Ellen-Lust Okar, "Elections under Authoritarianism: Lessons from Jordan," Democratization, Vol. 13: No. 3 (2006), pp. 456-471; Renate Dieterich, "The Weakness of the Ruled is the Strength of the Ruler," in Jordan in Transition .

            57. Jason Brownlee, "...And Yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes," Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 37: No. 3 (2002), 35-63; Lucan A. Way, "Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave," World Politics, Vol. 57: No. 2 (2005), 232-261; and Levitsky and Way.

            58. Mona Yacoubian, "Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiatives," Special Report No. 127 (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2004); Council on Foreign Relations, In Support of Arab Democracy: Why and How (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2005); Tamara Cofman Wittes and Sarah E. Yerkes, "What Price Freedom? Assessing the Bush Administration's Freedom Agenda," Analysis Paper No. 10 (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2006).

            59. Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).

            60. Ali E. Hillal Dessouki, and Karen Aboul Kheir, "The Politics of Vulnerability and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Jordan," in The Foreign Policies of Arab States , eds. Baghat Korany and Dessouki (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), Bassel F. Salloukh, "State Strength, Permeability, and Foreign Policy Behavior: Jordan in Theoretical Perspective," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 18: No. 2 (1996), 39-65.

            61. Eva Bellin, "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East," Comparative Politics , Vol. 36: No. 2 (2004), 148-149.

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