Robert Dahl, Polyarchy: Participation and Opposition (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1971), 4; Larry Diamond, Developing Democracy: Toward Consolidation (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1999), 10-13.
Alexander L. George and Andrew Bennett, Case Studies and Theory Development in the Social Sciences (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2005), 75, 80- 81.
Rex Brynen, Bahgat Korany, and Paul Noble, eds., Political Liberalization and Democratization in the Arab World, 2 vols. (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995 & 1998), Abdo Baaklini, Guilain Denoeux, and Robert Springborg, Legislative Politics in the Arab World: The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1999).
Daniel Brumberg, "The Trap of Liberalized Autocracy," Journal of Democracy, Vol. 13: No. 4 (2002), 56-68.
Volker Perthes, ed., Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2004), Marsha Pripstein Posusney and Michele Penner Angrist, eds., Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Regimes and Resistance (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2005).
Elie Kedourie, Democracy and Arab Political Culture (London: Frank Cass, 1994).
Hazem Beblawi and Giacomo Luciani, eds., The Rentier State: Nation, State, and Integration in the Arab World (London: Croom Helm, 1987).
Nazih Ayubi, Over-Stating the Arab State: Politics and Society in the Middle East (London: I.B. Tauris, 1995).
Francesco Cavatorta's recent work: "The International Context of Morocco's Stalled Democratization," Democratization , Vol. 12: No. 4 (2005), 548-566.
See further Laurence Whitehead, ed.. The International Dimension of Democratization: Europe and the Americas (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996); Peter Burneil, ed., Democracy Assistance: International Cooperation for Democratization (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Peter J. Schraeder, ed., Exporting Democracy: Rhetoric vs. Reality (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002).
Steven Levitsky and Lucan Way, "Linkage versus Leverage: Rethinking the International Dimension of Regime Change," Comparative Politics, Vol. 38: No. 4 (2006).
John Ikenberry, "America's Liberal Grand Strategy: Democracy and National Security in the Post-War Era," in American Democracy Promotion: Impulses, Strategies, and Impacts, eds. Michael Cox, Ikenberry, and Takashi Inoguchi (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000). Thomas Carothers, Aiding Democracy Abroad: The Learning Curve (Washington: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1999).
Fawaz Gerges, America and Political Islam: Clash of Cultures or Clash of Interests? (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999).
Mohammed M. Hafez, Why Muslims Rebel: Repression and Resistance in the Islamic World (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2003), Jillian Schwedler, Faith in Moderation: Islamist Parties in Jordan and Yemen (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
Amy Hawthorne, "Do We Want Democracy in the Middle East?" Foreign Service Journal Online (Feb. 2001), Dimitris K. Xenakis, "Order and Change in the Euro-Mediterranean System," Mediterranean Quarterly, Vol. 11: No. 1 (2000), 75-90. Sheila Carapico, "Foreign Aid for Promoting Democracy in the Arab World," Middle East Journal, Vol. 56: No. 3 (2002), 379-395.
Thomas Carothers and Marina Ottaway, eds., Uncharted Journey: Promoting Democracy in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005). Glenn Perry, "Imperial Democratization: Rhetoric and Reality," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28: Nos. 3-4 (2006), 55-87.
Sami Mutawi, Jordan and the 1967 War (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987), 2-18, André Bank and Oliver Schlumberger, "Jordan: Between Regime Survival and Economic Reform," in Arab Elites: Negotiating the Politics of Change.
Rex Brynen, "Economic Crisis and Post-rentier Democratization in the Arab World," Canadian Journal of Political Science, Vol. 25: No. 1 (1992), 69-97, Glenn Robinson, "Defensive Democratization in Jordan," International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 30: No. 3 (1998), 387-410.
Curtis Ryan, Jordan in Transition: From Hussein to Abdullah (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 2002), pp. 19-20; Malik Mufti, "Elite Bargains and the Onset of Political Liberalization in Jordan," Comparative Political Studies, Vol. 32: No. 1 (1999), pp. 100-129.
Eliyahu Kanovsky, "Jordan's Economy: From Prosperity to Crisis, in Middle East Contemporary Survey, Vol. XII: 1988, ed. Colin Legum (New York: Holmes and Meier Publishers, Inc., 1989), 381.
Central Bank of Jordan, Yearly Statistical Series: 1964-1995 (Amman, 1996).
World Bank, World Development Indicators 2006 (online database).
Central Bank of Jordan 1996.
Bichara Khader and Adnan Badran, eds., The Economic Development of Jordan (London: Croom Helm, 1987), Laurie Brand, Jordan's Inter-Arab Relations: The Political Economy of Alliance-Making (New York: Columbia University Press, 1994).
World Bank 2006.
Mufti 1999.
Brand, '"In the Beginning Was the State...': The Quest for Civil Society In Jordan," in Civil Society in the Middle East, Vol. 1, ed. Augustus Richard Norton (Leiden: Brill, 1995).
Kathrine Rath, "The Process of Democratization in Jordan," Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 30: No. 3 (1994), 543.
Ali Kassay, "The Effects of External Forces on Jordan's Process of Démocratisation," in Jordan in Transition: 1990-2000, ed. George Joffé (New York: Palgrave, 2002), 51-55.
United States Agency for International Development, U.S. Overseas Loans and Grants: Obligations and Loan Authorizations Database (Washington, D.C.: USAID, 2006).
Markus Bouillon, "Walking the Tightrope: Jordanian Foreign Policy from the Gulf Crisis to the Peace Process and Beyond," in Jordan in Transition, 8-10.
Yahya Sadowski, Scuds or Butter? The Political Economy of Arms Control in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1993), p. 18; Yann Le Troquer and Rozenn Hommery al-Oudat, "From Kuwait to Jordan: The Palestinians' Third Exodus," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28: No. 3 (1999), 40-42.
Posusney, "Multiparty Elections in the Arab World: Election Rules and Opposition Responses," in Authoritarianism in the Middle East.
Betty Anderson, "The Status of 'Democracy' in Jordan," Critique, No. 10 (1997), 61-67.
Lamis Andoni and Jillian Schwedler, "Bread Riots in Jordan," Middle East Report, No. 201 (1996), 40-42.
Russell Lucas, Institutions and the Politics of Survival in Jordan: Domestic Responses to External Challenges, 1988-2001 (Albany: State University of New York, 2005), 87-98.
Moin Siddiqi, "Economic Report: Jordan," The Middle East, No. 304 (2000), 38.
Brand, "The Effects of the Peace Process on Political Liberalization in Jordan," Journal of Palestine Studies, Vol. 28: No. 2 (1999), 63-64.
Pete W. Moore, "The Newest Jordan: Free Trade, Peace, and an Ace in the Hole," Middle East Report Online, 26 June 2003.
Walid Abu-Dalbouh, "Jordan and the Euro- Mediterranean Partnership," in The Euro-Mediterranean Partnership: Assessing the First Decade, eds. Haizam Amirah Fernández and Richards Youngs (Madrid: FRIDE, 2006).
Robert Chase, Emily Hill, and Paul Kennedy, "Pivotal States and U.S. Strategy," Foreign Affairs, Vol. 75: No. 1 (1996), 33-51.
World Bank 2006.
Jane Harrigan, Hamed al-Said and Chengang Wang, "The IMF and the World Bank in Jordan: A Case of Over Optimism and Elusive Growth," The Review of International Organizations, Vol. 1: No. 3 (2006), 263-292.
James Bruce, "Waiting for Helping Hands," Jane's Defense Weekly, Vol. 23: No. 26 (1995).
Bank and Schlumberger, 40-52.
Scott Greenwood, "Jordan, the al-Aqsa Intifada and America's 'War on Terror,'" Middle East Policy, Vol. 10, No. 3 (2003), 90-92.
Schwedler, "Occupied Maan: Jordan's Closed Military Zone," Middle East Report Online, 3 December 2002.
Public Opinion Polling Unit, Democracy in Jordan—2006 (Amman: Center for Strategic Studies at Jordan University, 2006).
Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Report: Jordan (December 2001), 16.
Ryan and Schwedler, "Return to Democratization or New Hybrid Regime?: The 2003 Elections in Jordan," Middle East Policy, Vol. 11, No. 2 (2004), pp. 146-147.
World Bank 2006 as well as OECD, Geographical Distribution of Financial Flows to Aid Recipients, Part I: Developing Countries (International Development Statistical Database, 2006).
Central Bank of Jordan, Yearly Statistical Series: 1964-2003 (Amman, 2004). Online <http://www.cbj.gov.jo/pages.php>.
Stephen Glain, "Letter from Jordan," The Nation, 30 May 2005,
Julia Choucair, "Illusive Reform: Jordan's Stubborn Stability, Democracy and Rule of Law Project Paper No. 76 (Washington, D.C.: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2006), 17-20.
Marwan Kardoosh, The Jordanian Economy into the Third Millennium: In the Eye of the Regional Storm: Developments in 2003-2005, Outlook for 2006-2007 (Amman: Jordan Center for Public Policy Research and Dialogue, 2006), 1-5.
Freedom House's Freedom in the World reports after the early 1990s, or the concise treatments in Chouchair 2006; Ellen-Lust Okar, "Elections under Authoritarianism: Lessons from Jordan," Democratization, Vol. 13: No. 3 (2006), pp. 456-471; Renate Dieterich, "The Weakness of the Ruled is the Strength of the Ruler," in Jordan in Transition .
Jason Brownlee, "...And Yet They Persist: Explaining Survival and Transition in Neopatrimonial Regimes," Studies in Comparative International Development, Vol. 37: No. 3 (2002), 35-63; Lucan A. Way, "Authoritarian State Building and the Sources of Regime Competitiveness in the Fourth Wave," World Politics, Vol. 57: No. 2 (2005), 232-261; and Levitsky and Way.
Mona Yacoubian, "Promoting Middle East Democracy: European Initiatives," Special Report No. 127 (Washington, D.C.: United States Institute of Peace, 2004); Council on Foreign Relations, In Support of Arab Democracy: Why and How (New York: Council on Foreign Relations Press, 2005); Tamara Cofman Wittes and Sarah E. Yerkes, "What Price Freedom? Assessing the Bush Administration's Freedom Agenda," Analysis Paper No. 10 (Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 2006).
Mohammed Ayoob, The Third World Security Predicament: State Making, Regional Conflict, and the International System (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1995).
Ali E. Hillal Dessouki, and Karen Aboul Kheir, "The Politics of Vulnerability and Survival: The Foreign Policy of Jordan," in The Foreign Policies of Arab States , eds. Baghat Korany and Dessouki (Boulder: Westview Press, 1991), Bassel F. Salloukh, "State Strength, Permeability, and Foreign Policy Behavior: Jordan in Theoretical Perspective," Arab Studies Quarterly, Vol. 18: No. 2 (1996), 39-65.
Eva Bellin, "The Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East," Comparative Politics , Vol. 36: No. 2 (2004), 148-149.