While mainstream economists abstract from any links of the economy to human beings—replacing them by selfish machines—heterodox economists try to look behind the surface, link them to certain periods of history and to the source of all value: humans are social beings and cannot exist without mutuality. Inspired by Karl Marx a verbal and mathematical heterodox reconstruction of contemporary capitalist economies is presented. Starting the description on a very abstract level (use values), step by step new layers of economic activities are added and become the basis for the next one. Vice versa economic activities on lower layers become controlled and modified by higher layers. The most recent layer, information society, shows an ambivalent face. While capitalism has developed new technologies that in principle could allow for the participation of the many via nearly free information, it developed rigid Intellectual Property Rights and enforces artificial shortage of information goods.
www.wrpe.org/WAPE/WAPE%20Papers%202008/Peter_Fleissner.pdf
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