THE BOLIVARIAN ALLIANCE FOR THE PEOPLES OF OUR AMERICA PART II: THE IMPERATIVE OF ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT

Cole, Ken

doi:10.2307/41945928

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International Journal of Cuban Studies

Volume 3, Issue 1

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THE BOLIVARIAN ALLIANCE FOR THE PEOPLES OF OUR AMERICA PART II: THE IMPERATIVE OF ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT

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Author(s): Ken Cole

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2011

Journal: International Journal of Cuban Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

In 1829, El Liberador of Latin America, Simón Bolívar, cautioned that the United States was '... destined by Providence to plague America with miseries in the name of freedom'. To counter this threat, in 1891, El Apóstol of the Cuban Revolution, José Martí, called for 'Our America to show itself as one in spirit and intent' and to struggle against 'powers in the United States-the Other America-from extending control over the Americas'. In June 1990 United States President George H. Bush launched the 'Enterprise for the Americas' initiative, intended to ensure US economic hegemony from 'Alaska to Tierra del Fuego' through the integration of the hemisphere into a regional competitive free market: a malediction which Fidel Castro and Hugo Chavez intended to challenge with the inception of the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas-ALBA-in-2004. ALBA became an 'Alliance', which is both, strategically, intended to progress human potentials, and tactically, a policy to develop the impoverished peoples of Our America. This article addresses ALBA as a political struggle to develop Latin America societies for the poor to have more.

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Journal

Journal ID (jstor): intejcubastud

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50005551

Title: International Journal of Cuban Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 17563461

Publication date (Print): 1 April 2011

Volume: 3

Issue: 1

Pages: 51-66

Article

DOI: 10.2307/41945928

SO-VID: 9a16e3fe-e182-4db3-8c18-69ddc0a0793e

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

References

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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Agee, P. (2005) 'How United States Intervention Against Venezuela Works. CIA Electoral Interventions. Nicaragua as a Model for Venezuela', Global Research, 15 September, at http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=955 (accessed 5 October 2009).

[2] Alterinfos América Latina (2007) 'America Latina – Presidentes del ALBA ratifican compromiso del bloque ante pueblos de América Latina y el Caribe', at http://www. alterinfos.org/spip.php?article1261 (accessed 21 July 2007).

[3] Aristide, J-B. (2000) Eyes of the Heart: Seeking a Path for the Poor in the Age of Globalization. Monroe ME: Common Courage Press.

[4] Becker, M. (2004) 'History of U.S. Interventions in Latin America', at http://www2.truman. edu/~marc/resources/interventions.html (accessed 21 September 2009).

[5] Bellamy Foster, J. (2007) 'The Latin American Revolt: An Introduction', Monthly Review, July-August, at http://monthlyreview.org/0707foster.htm (accessed 11 June 2008).

[6] Biekart, K. (2005) 'Seven Theses of Latin American Social Movements and Political Change: A Tribute to André Gunder Frank (1929-2005)', Transnational Institute, at http://www.tni.org/detail_page.phtml ?act_id=1329&username=guest@tni. org&password=9999&publish=Y (accessed 21 June 2008).

[7] Bolívar, S. (1829) 'Letter to Colonel Patrick Campbell', in Bolívar (2003), pp. 171-3.

[8] Bolívar, S. (2003) Simón Bolívar: El Liberador - Writings of Simón Bolívar (translated by Frederick H Fornoff). New York: Oxford University Press.

[9] Caputo, D. (2005) Democracy in Latin America: Toward a Citizen's Democracy. New York: United Nations Development Programme, at http://democracia.undp.org/Informe/ Default.asp?Menu=156cIdioma=2 (accessed 17 November 2008).

[10] Castañeda, J. (1995) The Mexican Shocks. New York: New Press.

[11] Castro, F. (1994) 'Discurso en el Aula Magna de la Universidad de La Habana con motivo de la visita de Teniente Coronel Hugo Chávez', in Deutschmann and Salado (2006), pp. 90-105.

[12] Castro, F. (2007) El Diálogo de Civilizaciones. La Habana: Oficina de Publicaciones del Consejo de Estado.

[13] Chávez, H. (2009) Press conference at the IVth Extraordinary Summit of ALBA, at http:// www.vtv.gob.ve/noticias-nacionales/19957 (accessed 20 July 2009).

[14] Chossudovsky, M. (2010) 'The Destabilization of Haiti: Anatomy of a Military Coup d'Etat', Global Research E-Newsletter, 27 January, at http://mail.live.com/default. aspx?wa=wsignin1.0 (accessed 27 January 2010).

[15] Cole, K. (2008) 'ALBA: A Process of Concientization', International Journal of Cuban Studies 2.

[16] Cox, R.W. (1994) Power and Profits: US Policy in Central America. Lexington KY: University Press of Kentucky.

[17] Deutschmann, D. and J. Salado (eds) (2006) Venezuela y Chávez: Fidel Castro. Melbourne: Ocean Sur.

[18] Dominguez, F. (2009) 'The Latin Americanization of the Politics of Emancipation', in Lievesley and Ludlam (2009), pp. 37-55.

[19] Elizalde, R.M. and L. Báez (2005) El Encuentro. La Habana: Oficina de Publicaciones del Consejo de Estado.

[20] Galeano, E. (2009) The Open Veins of Latin America. London: Serpent's Tail.

[21] Girard, P. (2010) Haiti. London: Palgrave.

[22] Golinger, E. (2009) 'CIA Agent Captured in Cuba – and employee of the CIA front organization that also funds opposition groups in Venezuela was detained in Cuba last week', Global Research E-Newsletter, 14 December, at http://www.globalresearch.ca/ index.php?context=vc&aid=16533 (accessed 16 December 2009).

[23] Golinger, E. (2010) 'Permanent Aggression: War on the Horizon in Latin America', Global Research, 11 March, at http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&Caid=18064 (accessed 11 March 2010).

[24] Hobsbawm, E. (2008) On War: America, War and Global Supremacy. New York: New Press.

[25] HSC (1999) 'Building a Hemispheric Social Alliance in the Americas: Draft Agenda', Council Meeting, Toronto, 4/5 November.

[26] Janicke, K. (2008) 'Summit of the Bolivarian Alternative (ALBA) Concludes in Venezuela', Global Research, at http://www.globalresearch.ca/index.php?context=va&aid=7935 (accessed 12 June 2008).

[27] Klein, N. (2005) 'My date with Aristide: Ousted Haitian prez reveals he was tossed because he refused to privatize', Now, 21-28 July, at http://www.webcitation.org/5gm7u61Xq (accessed 13 October 2009).

[28] Korneniewicz, R.P. and W.C. Smith (2000) 'Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Latin America: Searching for the High Road to Globalization', Latin American Research Review 35(3): 7-54.

[29] Lievesley, G. and S. Ludlam (eds) (2009) Reclaiming Latin America: Experiments in Radical Social Democracy. London: Zed.

[30] Martí, J. (1891) 'Our America', in Shnookal and Muñiz (1999), pp. 111-20.

[31] Martí, J. (2001) 'Volumen 19, Viajes, Diarios, Crónicas, Juicios', included in José Martí: Obras, La Habana: Centros de Estudios Martianos (CD, ISBN 959-7006-60-X).

[32] Ministerio de Comunicación e Información (2006) Sobre el ALBA: selección de artículos. Caracas: Ministerio de Comunicación e Información.

[33] NED (2001) 2001 NED Regional Highlights: Latin America and the Caribbean. Washington: National Endowment for Democracy. At http://www.ned.org/publications/01annual/pdf/ LACHighlights.pdf (accessed 10 October 2009).

[34] NED (2009) National Endowment for Democracy: Supporting Freedom Around the World, at http://www.ned.org/about/about.html (accessed 10 October 2009).

[35] Perkins, J. (2007) The Secret History of the American Empire. New York: Dutton.

[36] Petras, J. and Morley, M. (1992) Latin America in the Time of Cholera. London: Routledge.

[37] Rgalado, R. (2007) Latin America at the Crossroads: Domination, Crisis, Popular Movements and Political Alternatives. Melbourne and New York: Ocean Press.

[38] Reich, R. (2009) Supercapitalism: The Battle for Democracy in the Age of Big Business. London: Icon.

[39] Robinson, R. (2007) An Unbroken Agony. New York: Basic Books.

[40] Robinson, W. (1992) A Faustian Bargain: U.S. Intervention in the Nicaraguan Elections. Boulder CO: Westview Press.

[41] Robinson, W. (1996) Promoting Polyarchy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

[42] Rozoff, R. (2009) 'Rumors of Coups and War: U.S., NATO Target Latin America', in Stop Nato, 18 November, at http://mail.live.com/default.aspx?wa=wssignin1.0 (accessed 18 November 2009).

[43] Saguier, M.I. (2007) 'The Hemispheric Social Alliance and the Free Trade Area of the Americas Process: The Challenges and Opportunities of Transnational Coalitions against Neo-liberalism', Globalizations 4(2): 251-65.

[44] Shnookal, D and M. Muñiz (1999) José Martí Reader: Writings on the Americas. Melbourne: Ocean Press.

[45] Tellería, C.J.G. (2006) 'Summary of Information Concerning Alternativa Bolivariana Para Las Americas', document prepared for the Permanent Council of the Organization of American States, at http://scm.oas.org/doc_public/ENGLISH/HIST_06/CP15956E07. doc (accessed 8 December 2009).

[46] Williamson, J. (ed.) (1990) Latin American Adjustment: How Much Has Happened? Washington: Institute for International Economics.

International Journal of Cuban Studies

THE BOLIVARIAN ALLIANCE FOR THE PEOPLES OF OUR AMERICA PART II: THE IMPERATIVE OF ENDOGENOUS DEVELOPMENT

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