RONY REBELIÓN: &apos;PHOCIONA&apos; OR THE HISTORY OF THE CAPE SISTERS AND THEIR FIGHT FOR NINETEENTH CENTURY CUBAN INDEPENDENCE

Muse, Laura Katherine

doi:10.2307/41945975

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International Journal of Cuban Studies

Volume 4, Issue 2

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RONY REBELIÓN: 'PHOCIONA' OR THE HISTORY OF THE CAPE SISTERS AND THEIR FIGHT FOR NINETEENTH CENTURY CUBAN INDEPENDENCE

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Author(s): Laura Katherine Muse

Publication date (Print): 1 July 2012

Journal: International Journal of Cuban Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

Elvira (1862-1933) and Herminia Cape (1865-1973) were nineteenth century Cuban revolutionaries, and much more. They were women who responded to an historic call-to-arms, women who had been prepared by their life experiences for extraordinary sacrifice and endeavour. Such lives reflect a myriad of socioeconomic and cultural currents that have guided women's development into the twentieth century. Their characters point out that history is made by individuals, although personal qualities are inextricably bound to historical context.

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Journal ID (jstor): intejcubastud

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50005551

Title: International Journal of Cuban Studies

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 17563461

Publication date (Print): 1 July 2012

Volume: 4

Issue: 2

Pages: 179-199

Article

DOI: 10.2307/41945975

SO-VID: 6147ca19-f0a2-4098-b77c-843b4e3ac766

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

History

Notes

Tom Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba: The Biography of a Cause (New York: Penguin, 2008), 60.
Plutarch, The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert (London: Penguin, 1973), 218-51.
Carlos E. Forment, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba: Continuación de la obra de Don Emilio Bacardi, vol. 1 (Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Arroyo, 1953), 20-1.
Thomas O. Ott, The Haitian Revolution: 1789-1804 (Knoxville, KY: University of Tennessee Press, 1973), 170-88.
Ibid., 193.
Mari Aixalá Dawson and Pepin R. Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, Family and Company, ed. Peter Crookston (Coral Gables, FL: Facundo and Amalia Bacardi Foundation Inc, 2006), 48.
Herminia Cape, interviewed and edited by Antonio Núñez Jiménez, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', in El pueblo cuenta su historia (Havana: Gente Nueva, 1980), 198.
Ibid., 200.
Carlos Márques Sterling and Manuel Márquez Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba (Miami, FL: Books & Mas, Inc., 1996), 90.
Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 126.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 205.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 216.
Ibid.
Ibid., 218-20.
Ibid., 218-21.
Amalia Bacardi Cape, ed., Epistolario: De Cuba a Chafarinas; El denunciante de Pinto; Cartas de Don Frederico Pérez Carbó; Cartas de José A. González Lanuza (Madrid: Playnor, 1973), 7.
Forment, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 1, 21.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 222-3.
Ibid.
Louisiana State Museum, 'The Louisiana Purchase', The Cabildo, http://lsm.crt. state.la.us/cabildo/cab4.htm (accessed 1 July 2011).
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 202.
Ibid,. 189-202.
Robert L. Macfayden (Archdeacon Seraphim), grandson of Herminia Cape, letter to Carmen Hoge Bissell, 13 July 1996.
Ibid., 3.
Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 9-11.
Miguel Estorch, Apuntes para la historia sobre el terremoto que tuvo lugar en Santiago de Cuba y otros puntos el 20 de agosto 1852 (Havana: Loreto Espinal, 1852); Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 14.
Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 14.
Bacardi: 100th Year 1862-1962 (Bacardi Co., 1962).
Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 14.
Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 25.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 194.
Igor Guilarte Fong, 'Emilio Bacardi: Un diamante de múltiples facetas', Monografias.com S.A. 2010, http:// www.monografias.com/trabajos76/emilio-barcardi-diamante-multiples-facetas/ emilio-barcardi-diamante-multiples-facetas.shtml
Amalia Bacardi Cape, Emilio Bacardi en su tiempo (Valladolid, Spain: Gráficas Andrés Martín, 1986), 112; Bacardi Moreau, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 8, 363; vol. 9, 40.
Ibid., 19.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 202.
Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 90.
Carlos Manuel de Céspedes et al., 'Ecos del Grito de Yara', El Nuevo Herald , 10 October 1997.
Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 90.
Ibid.
Ibid., 100-13.
Ibid., 117-18.
Ibid., 118-23.
Simon Barton, A History of Spain (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 190-5; Raymond Carr, Spain: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 205-42; David Gimenez, 'The Little War or Guerra Chiquita', Cubaheritage.org, 2011. http://cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?lID=1&artID=148 (accessed 2 August 2011).
Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 124-33.
Ibid., 138-47.
Ibid., 148-66.
Ibid., 104-6.
Emilio Bacardi Moreau, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 5 (Santiago de Cuba: Tipografía Arroyo Hermanos, 1925), 345-65; Amalia Bacardi Cape ed., Steamer 'Virginius' Incident: November 1873 (privately published, 1982), Richard H. Bradford, The Virginius Affair (Colorado University Press, 1980).
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 217.
Ibid., 213.
Ibid.
Ibid.
K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Woman's Movement for Legal Reformy 1898-1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), 20.
Verene Sheperd, Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective , eds Bridget Brereton and Barbara Bailey (Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 2005), 296-318.
Maryša Navarro and Virginia Sánchez Korrol, Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: Restoring Women to History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999), 66.
'Fáciles son los héroes con tales mujeres.' Stoner, From the House to the Streets, 20.
Nereyda Barceló Fundora, 'Mujeres con historia: Los Acentos de una mujer', Mujeres, No. 401 (August 2008).
Ibid.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 188.
Ibid.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 186-9.
Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 104.
The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation Inc, 'Passenger Search', Ellis Island: FREE Port of New York Passenger Records Search, http://www.ellisisland.org/search/ passSearch.asp (accessed 2 January 2010).
Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 104.
Armando Levya, Museo (Santiago de Cuba: Tipografía Arroya Hermanos, 1922), 176.
Ibid., 139.
William Montalbano, 'Woman Oldest to Flee Cuba: Exile, 101, Orders Hot Dog', Miami Herald, 30 May 1967, 1A.
'Mi Querida Hija: Estoy perfectamente bien...' Herminia Cape, letter to her daughter Elvira Martinez Brown, 31 December 1958.
Ibid.
Herminia Cape, letter to her daughter Elvira Martínez Brown, 12 January 1959.
Ibid.
José Espin. Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 161.
Herminia Cape, letter to Elvira Martinez Brown, 16 January 1959.
Höge Bisseil, interview with author, 11 June 2011.
Herminia Cape, letter to Elvira Martinez Brown, 19 May 1967.
Ibid.
Höge Bisseil, interview with author, 11 June 2011.
Montalbano, 'Woman Oldest to Flee Cuba'.
Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 197.
Höge Bisseil, interview with author, 11 June 2011.
Ibid.
Bacardi Family Tree, Facundo Bacardi Massó and Lucia Victoria Moreau. Received from Carmen Hoge Bissell, 11 June 2010.
Macfayden, letter to Carmen Höge Bissell, 1.
Höge Bissell, interview with author, 11 June 2011.
Macfayden, letter to Carmen Hoge Bissell, 2.
Ibid.
Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 104.
Emilio Bacardi Moreau, Hacia Tierras Viejas (Valencia, Spain: F. Sempere y Compañía, 1914), 135.
Emilio Bacardi Moreau, letter to Manuel Plana, 26 August 1910, Bacardi Archives.
David Reigle, Theosophy and Buddhism', Fohat (Spring 2000): 14-17, 22-23; H.P. Blatavksy, 'What is Theosophy?' The Theosophist 1(1) (October 1879): 1-14.
Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 105.
Manon Grau, Lucía Bacardi: Escultora cubana (Madrid: Ediciones Beramar, 1992), 14.
Ibid., 14.
Hoge Bissell, interview with author, 11 June 2011.
Ibid.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Tom Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba: The Biography of a Cause (New York: Penguin, 2008), 60.

[2] Plutarch, The Age of Alexander: Nine Greek Lives, trans. Ian Scott-Kilvert (London: Penguin, 1973), 218-51.

[3] Carlos E. Forment, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba: Continuación de la obra de Don Emilio Bacardi, vol. 1 (Santiago de Cuba: Editorial Arroyo, 1953), 20-1.

[4] Thomas O. Ott, The Haitian Revolution: 1789-1804 (Knoxville, KY: University of Tennessee Press, 1973), 170-88.

[5] Ibid., 193.

[6] Mari Aixalá Dawson and Pepin R. Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, Family and Company, ed. Peter Crookston (Coral Gables, FL: Facundo and Amalia Bacardi Foundation Inc, 2006), 48.

[7] Herminia Cape, interviewed and edited by Antonio Núñez Jiménez, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', in El pueblo cuenta su historia (Havana: Gente Nueva, 1980), 198.

[8] Ibid., 200.

[9] Carlos Márques Sterling and Manuel Márquez Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba (Miami, FL: Books & Mas, Inc., 1996), 90.

[10] Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 126.

[11] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 205.

[12] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 216.

[13] Ibid.

[14] Ibid., 218-20.

[15] Ibid., 218-21.

[16] Amalia Bacardi Cape, ed., Epistolario: De Cuba a Chafarinas; El denunciante de Pinto; Cartas de Don Frederico Pérez Carbó; Cartas de José A. González Lanuza (Madrid: Playnor, 1973), 7.

[17] Forment, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 1, 21.

[18] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 222-3.

[19] Ibid.

[20] Louisiana State Museum, 'The Louisiana Purchase', The Cabildo, http://lsm.crt. state.la.us/cabildo/cab4.htm (accessed 1 July 2011).

[21] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 202.

[22] Ibid,. 189-202.

[23] Robert L. Macfayden (Archdeacon Seraphim), grandson of Herminia Cape, letter to Carmen Hoge Bissell, 13 July 1996.

[24] Ibid., 3.

[25] Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 9-11.

[26] Miguel Estorch, Apuntes para la historia sobre el terremoto que tuvo lugar en Santiago de Cuba y otros puntos el 20 de agosto 1852 (Havana: Loreto Espinal, 1852); Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 14.

[27] Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 14.

[28] Bacardi: 100th Year 1862-1962 (Bacardi Co., 1962).

[29] Aixalá Dawson and Argamasilla, Bacardi: A Tale of Merchants, 14.

[30] Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 25.

[31] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 194.

[32] Igor Guilarte Fong, 'Emilio Bacardi: Un diamante de múltiples facetas', Monografias.com S.A. 2010, http:// www.monografias.com/trabajos76/emilio-barcardi-diamante-multiples-facetas/ emilio-barcardi-diamante-multiples-facetas.shtml

[33] Amalia Bacardi Cape, Emilio Bacardi en su tiempo (Valladolid, Spain: Gráficas Andrés Martín, 1986), 112; Bacardi Moreau, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 8, 363; vol. 9, 40.

[34] Ibid., 19.

[35] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 202.

[36] Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 90.

[37] Carlos Manuel de Céspedes et al., 'Ecos del Grito de Yara', El Nuevo Herald , 10 October 1997.

[38] Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 90.

[39] Ibid.

[40] Ibid., 100-13.

[41] Ibid., 117-18.

[42] Ibid., 118-23.

[43] Simon Barton, A History of Spain (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2004), 190-5; Raymond Carr, Spain: A History (New York: Oxford University Press, 2001), 205-42; David Gimenez, 'The Little War or Guerra Chiquita', Cubaheritage.org, 2011. http://cubaheritage.org/articles.asp?lID=1&artID=148 (accessed 2 August 2011).

[44] Sterling and Sterling, Historia de la Isla de Cuba, 124-33.

[45] Ibid., 138-47.

[46] Ibid., 148-66.

[47] Ibid., 104-6.

[48] Emilio Bacardi Moreau, Crónicas de Santiago de Cuba, vol. 5 (Santiago de Cuba: Tipografía Arroyo Hermanos, 1925), 345-65; Amalia Bacardi Cape ed., Steamer 'Virginius' Incident: November 1873 (privately published, 1982), Richard H. Bradford, The Virginius Affair (Colorado University Press, 1980).

[49] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 217.

[50] Ibid., 213.

[51] Ibid.

[52] Ibid.

[53] K. Lynn Stoner, From the House to the Streets: The Cuban Woman's Movement for Legal Reformy 1898-1940 (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1991), 20.

[54] Verene Sheperd, Engendering History: Caribbean Women in Historical Perspective , eds Bridget Brereton and Barbara Bailey (Mona, Jamaica: University of the West Indies, 2005), 296-318.

[55] Maryša Navarro and Virginia Sánchez Korrol, Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: Restoring Women to History (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1999), 66.

[56] 'Fáciles son los héroes con tales mujeres.' Stoner, From the House to the Streets, 20.

[57] Nereyda Barceló Fundora, 'Mujeres con historia: Los Acentos de una mujer', Mujeres, No. 401 (August 2008).

[58] Ibid.

[59] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 188.

[60] Ibid.

[61] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 186-9.

[62] Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 104.

[63] The Statue of Liberty-Ellis Island Foundation Inc, 'Passenger Search', Ellis Island: FREE Port of New York Passenger Records Search, http://www.ellisisland.org/search/ passSearch.asp (accessed 2 January 2010).

[64] Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 104.

[65] Armando Levya, Museo (Santiago de Cuba: Tipografía Arroya Hermanos, 1922), 176.

[66] Ibid., 139.

[67] William Montalbano, 'Woman Oldest to Flee Cuba: Exile, 101, Orders Hot Dog', Miami Herald, 30 May 1967, 1A.

[68] 'Mi Querida Hija: Estoy perfectamente bien...' Herminia Cape, letter to her daughter Elvira Martinez Brown, 31 December 1958.

[69] Ibid.

[70] Herminia Cape, letter to her daughter Elvira Martínez Brown, 12 January 1959.

[71] Ibid.

[72] José Espin. Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 161.

[73] Herminia Cape, letter to Elvira Martinez Brown, 16 January 1959.

[74] Höge Bisseil, interview with author, 11 June 2011.

[75] Herminia Cape, letter to Elvira Martinez Brown, 19 May 1967.

[76] Ibid.

[77] Höge Bisseil, interview with author, 11 June 2011.

[78] Montalbano, 'Woman Oldest to Flee Cuba'.

[79] Cape, 'Desde Céspedes hasta Fidel', 197.

[80] Höge Bisseil, interview with author, 11 June 2011.

[81] Ibid.

[82] Bacardi Family Tree, Facundo Bacardi Massó and Lucia Victoria Moreau. Received from Carmen Hoge Bissell, 11 June 2010.

[83] Macfayden, letter to Carmen Höge Bissell, 1.

[84] Höge Bissell, interview with author, 11 June 2011.

[85] Macfayden, letter to Carmen Hoge Bissell, 2.

[86] Ibid.

[87] Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 104.

[88] Emilio Bacardi Moreau, Hacia Tierras Viejas (Valencia, Spain: F. Sempere y Compañía, 1914), 135.

[89] Emilio Bacardi Moreau, letter to Manuel Plana, 26 August 1910, Bacardi Archives.

[90] David Reigle, Theosophy and Buddhism', Fohat (Spring 2000): 14-17, 22-23; H.P. Blatavksy, 'What is Theosophy?' The Theosophist 1(1) (October 1879): 1-14.

[91] Gjelten, Bacardi and the Long Fight for Cuba, 105.

[92] Manon Grau, Lucía Bacardi: Escultora cubana (Madrid: Ediciones Beramar, 1992), 14.

[93] Ibid., 14.

[94] Hoge Bissell, interview with author, 11 June 2011.

[95] Ibid.