Chemical &amp; Biological Weapons: Positions, Prospects and Trends

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Policy Perspectives

Volume 10, Issue 1

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Chemical & Biological Weapons: Positions, Prospects and Trends

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Author(s): Tughral Yamin

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2013

Journal: Policy Perspectives

Publisher: Pluto Journals

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Abstract

[CBWs are the poor man's choice of the dreaded Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD's). These are easy to manufacture and deliver. No high technology is involved.Therefore nations with acute security concerns and limited resources to develop modern weapons opt for CBWs. Terrorists also find these attractive weapons of choice. Despite comprehensive international treaties proscribing CBWs there has been documented use of these weapons in recent times. Pakistan made a policy decision to subscribe to treaties banning CBWs. It has been steadfast in its commitment to not develop, stockpile or use these weapons. Despite some malicious propaganda from hostile quarters Pakistan has never been found in violation of its obligations and has been successful in avoiding censure and opprobrium of the monitoring agencies.Pakistan now needs to move ahead and make futuristic policy choices. It must concentrate on formulating a realistic state policy to develop an effective defense capability, so as to prepare its populace from an untoward CBW attack.]

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (jstor): polipers

Journal ID (doi): 10.2307/j50009730

Title: Policy Perspectives

Publisher: Pluto Journals

ISSN (Print): 18121829

Publication date (Print): 1 January 2013

Volume: 10

Issue: 1

Pages: 147-159

Article

DOI: 10.2307/42909302

SO-VID: d9484274-5020-442c-883e-dbe65b8f0af9

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All content is freely available without charge to users or their institutions. Users are allowed to read, download, copy, distribute, print, search, or link to the full texts of the articles in this journal without asking prior permission of the publisher or the author. Articles published in the journal are distributed under a http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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ScienceOpen disciplines: Education,Religious studies & Theology,Social & Behavioral Sciences,Law,Economics

[Footnotes]

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Wheelus, "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa."
PBS. "The Story of Smallpox - And other Deadly Germs."
Gill Jr.. "Colonial Germ Warfare."
New York Times, "Remains of Yasser Arafat Exhumed from his Grave," November 27, 2012, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/remains-yasser-arafat-exhumed-grave- article-1. 1208596 #ixzz2 HaoFOH1Q (accessed January 10, 2013).
BBC News, "Turkey President Turgut Ozal's Remains Exhumed," October 2, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news /world-europe-19804813 (accessed January 10, 2013).
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Biological Warfare - Historical Perspective of Biological Warfare, See at, http://science.jrank.org/pages/881/Biological-Warfare-Historical-perspective- biological-warfare.html (accessed January 11, 2013).
Khalezov, "Bio-terrorism -Anthrax Attacks Following September 11."
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Dworet, Outbreak.
Asif Hassan, "Pakistani Laborers Take Care of Australian Sheep at a Farm in Bin Qasim Town," ABC News, October 21, 2012, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10- 21/pakistani-labourers-take-care-of-australian-sheep-at-a-farm-in-/4325588 (accessed January 10, 2013).
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Brain, "How Biological and Chemical Warfare Works."
Center for Science and Environment, "25 Years after Bhopal Disaster: A Selection of News Jan 2006-Dec 2009."
Al-Shifa Pharmaceutical Factory, http://www.triposo.eom/poi/W—108830728 (accessed January 11, 2013).
Eric Schmitt and David E. Sanger, "Hints of Syrian Chemical Push Set off Global Effort to Stop It," New York Times, http://www.nvtimes.com/2013/01/08 /world/middleeast/chemical-weapons-showdown-with-syria-led-to-rare-accord.html (accessed January 8, 2013).
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United Nations Office for Disarmament, "1925 Geneva Protocol."
Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC)."
Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Pakistan: Chemical.
Maheen Rehman, "OPCW Starts Inspection of Pakistani Factories," The News Tribe, July 27, 2011, http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/07/27/opcw-starts-inspection-of- pakistani-factories/(accessed January 12, 2013).
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The Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense, "Chemical and Biological Defense Primer."
Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Military WMD's: CW."
Nuclear Threat Initiative. "India: Chemical Overview."
Ibid, 21.
World News. "Pakistan to fulfill commitments under Chemical Weapons Convention: FM," http://article.wn.com/view /2012/01/ll/Pakistan_to_fulfill_ commitments under Chemical Weapons Conve/(accessed SeDtember 19. 2012).
Barry Bearak, "The Coldest War; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World, New York Times, May 23, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com /1999/05/23/world/the-coldest- war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm (accessed January 6, 2013).
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The Statesman, "J&K Ultras Have Chemical Arms," May 1, 2003; In Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, February 16, 2005, www.lexis-nexis.com.
Ramachandran, "How the Sanctions Bite."
The Free Library, "Foreign Policy Sanctions in India/Pakistan.
Deutsche Presse-Agentur, "Government to Monitor Toxic Chemical Use in Pakistan," February 27, 1999; In Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, www.lexis- nexis.com.
B. Muralidhar Reddy, "Chemical Weapons Inspectors Visit Plant in Pak, The Hindu, May 1, 2003, http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/01/stories/2003050100761200.htm (accessed January 13, 2012).
OPCW, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry.
Nuclear Threat Initiative, "Pakistan: Cnemicai.
Anthony DePalma, "U.S. Is Deploying a Monitor System for Germ Attacks," New York Times, March 7, 2005, http://query.nytimes.com; Judith Miller, "After Mapping the Human Genome, Analyzing the City's Air," New York Times, January 22, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/22 /national/22DISE.html.
S.N.M. Abdi, "Taking No Chances, India Builds War Bunkers," South China Morning Post, February 11, 2004, http://www.scmp.com/article/444138/taking-no-chances- india-builds-war-bunkers (accessed January 2013).
BBC, "India to Train Paramilitary Forces to Deal with Nuclear, Chemical Disaster," December 7, 2003; In Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, December 7, 2003, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.
National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) for detail, http://www.ndma.gov.pk/.

Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Weapons of Mass Destruction Commission (WMDC), http://www.un.org /disarmament/education /wmdcommission/(accessed Januarv 10. 2013Ì.

[2] Wheelus, "Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Caffa."

[3] PBS. "The Story of Smallpox - And other Deadly Germs."

[4] Gill Jr.. "Colonial Germ Warfare."

[5] New York Times, "Remains of Yasser Arafat Exhumed from his Grave," November 27, 2012, http://www.nydailynews.com/news/world/remains-yasser-arafat-exhumed-grave- article-1. 1208596 #ixzz2 HaoFOH1Q (accessed January 10, 2013).

[6] BBC News, "Turkey President Turgut Ozal's Remains Exhumed," October 2, 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news /world-europe-19804813 (accessed January 10, 2013).

[7] Pravda, "Viktor Yushchenko Still Suffers from Dioxin in his Body," June 26, 2012, http://english.pravda.ru /news/world /26-06-2012/12 1492-yushchenko_dioxin-0/ (accessed January 10, 2013).

[8] Biological Warfare - Historical Perspective of Biological Warfare, See at, http://science.jrank.org/pages/881/Biological-Warfare-Historical-perspective- biological-warfare.html (accessed January 11, 2013).

[9] Khalezov, "Bio-terrorism -Anthrax Attacks Following September 11."

[10] UK Department of Environment, "Foot and Mouth Disease."

[11] Alok Jha, "Study Shows How Easily Pandemic H5N1 Bird Flu could Evolve," The Guardian, June 21, 2012, http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/jun/21/results- published-pandemic-h5nl-bird-flu (accessed January 10, 2013).

[12] Dworet, Outbreak.

[13] Asif Hassan, "Pakistani Laborers Take Care of Australian Sheep at a Farm in Bin Qasim Town," ABC News, October 21, 2012, http://www.abc.net.au/news/2012-10- 21/pakistani-labourers-take-care-of-australian-sheep-at-a-farm-in-/4325588 (accessed January 10, 2013).

[14] BBC News, "Britain's 'Anthrax Island/" July 25, 2001, http://news.bbc.co.Uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/1457035.stm.

[15] New York Times, "Improvised Explosive Devices," January 6, 2013, http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference /timestopics/subjects/i/improvised_explosive_devices/index.html (accessed January 6, 2013).

[16] American Center Society, "Agent Orange and Cancer."

[17] New York Times, 'Time Topics: Aum Shinrikyo," January 11, 2013, http://topics.nytimes.com/topics/reference /timestopics/organizations/a/aum_shinrikyo/index.html (accessed January 11, 2013).

[18] Brain, "How Biological and Chemical Warfare Works."

[19] Center for Science and Environment, "25 Years after Bhopal Disaster: A Selection of News Jan 2006-Dec 2009."

[20] Al-Shifa Pharmaceutical Factory, http://www.triposo.eom/poi/W—108830728 (accessed January 11, 2013).

[21] Eric Schmitt and David E. Sanger, "Hints of Syrian Chemical Push Set off Global Effort to Stop It," New York Times, http://www.nvtimes.com/2013/01/08 /world/middleeast/chemical-weapons-showdown-with-syria-led-to-rare-accord.html (accessed January 8, 2013).

[22] Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, "Basic Facts on Chemical Disarmament."

[23] United Nations Office for Disarmament, "1925 Geneva Protocol."

[24] Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on their Destruction (CWC)."

[25] Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Pakistan: Chemical.

[26] Maheen Rehman, "OPCW Starts Inspection of Pakistani Factories," The News Tribe, July 27, 2011, http://www.thenewstribe.com/2011/07/27/opcw-starts-inspection-of- pakistani-factories/(accessed January 12, 2013).

[27] Nuclear Files. "Pakistan's Instrument of Ratification,"; United Nations Office for Disarmament Affairs. "Pakistan: Ratification of Chemical Weapons Convention."

[28] The Deputy Assistant to the Secretary of Defense for Chemical and Biological Defense, "Chemical and Biological Defense Primer."

[29] Nuclear Threat Initiative. "Military WMD's: CW."

[30] Nuclear Threat Initiative. "India: Chemical Overview."

[31] Ibid, 21.

[32] World News. "Pakistan to fulfill commitments under Chemical Weapons Convention: FM," http://article.wn.com/view /2012/01/ll/Pakistan_to_fulfill_ commitments under Chemical Weapons Conve/(accessed SeDtember 19. 2012).

[33] Barry Bearak, "The Coldest War; Frozen in Fury on the Roof of the World, New York Times, May 23, 1999, http://www.nytimes.com /1999/05/23/world/the-coldest- war-frozen-in-fury-on-the-roof-of-the-world.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm (accessed January 6, 2013).

[34] Global News Wire, "Pakistan: Daily Expects Armitage's Visit to Prove Breakthrough on Kashmir, Other Issues," April 25, 2003; in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, February 16, 2005. www.lexis-nexis.com.

[35] The Statesman, "J&K Ultras Have Chemical Arms," May 1, 2003; In Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, February 16, 2005, www.lexis-nexis.com.

[36] Ramachandran, "How the Sanctions Bite."

[37] The Free Library, "Foreign Policy Sanctions in India/Pakistan.

[38] Deutsche Presse-Agentur, "Government to Monitor Toxic Chemical Use in Pakistan," February 27, 1999; In Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, www.lexis- nexis.com.

[39] B. Muralidhar Reddy, "Chemical Weapons Inspectors Visit Plant in Pak, The Hindu, May 1, 2003, http://www.hindu.com/2003/05/01/stories/2003050100761200.htm (accessed January 13, 2012).

[40] OPCW, "Statement by H.E. Ambassador Aizaz Ahmad Chaudhry.

[41] Nuclear Threat Initiative, "Pakistan: Cnemicai.

[42] Anthony DePalma, "U.S. Is Deploying a Monitor System for Germ Attacks," New York Times, March 7, 2005, http://query.nytimes.com; Judith Miller, "After Mapping the Human Genome, Analyzing the City's Air," New York Times, January 22, 2003, http://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/22 /national/22DISE.html.

[43] S.N.M. Abdi, "Taking No Chances, India Builds War Bunkers," South China Morning Post, February 11, 2004, http://www.scmp.com/article/444138/taking-no-chances- india-builds-war-bunkers (accessed January 2013).

[44] BBC, "India to Train Paramilitary Forces to Deal with Nuclear, Chemical Disaster," December 7, 2003; In Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, December 7, 2003, http://web.lexis-nexis.com.

[45] National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) for detail, http://www.ndma.gov.pk/.