Advances in Drug and Vaccine Development for SARS-CoV-2: A Review of RCT data

SARS-CoV-2 is a novel coronavirus that has been causing a global pandemic since December 2019. It targets the respiratory tract. At the time of writing this review, there is no specific treatment for COVID-19. A number of studies have proposed the utilization of some drugs as part of the repurposing strategy. This review was undertaken to evaluate the efficiency of drugs and vaccines being developed against SARS-CoV-2. It was based on a synthesis of clinical research data whose results have been published. Three antiviral agents identified as being effective and safe were: Remdesivir, Lopinavir- ritonavir in combination with ribavirin. For the vaccine candidate, only one candidate was included in the review. This is an mRNA vaccine (mRNA-1273) which was developed by Moderna, a US-based company. In addition, new data although not synthesized but worth mentioning is the effect of dexamethasone, an anti-inflammatory drug. This review, therefore, recommended that glucosteroids such as dexamethasone should be combined with remdesivir. In addition, the effect of combining remdesivir with lopinavir-ritonavir plus ribavirin should be elucidated both in the short and long term

Content

Author and article information

Journal

Title: Annals of Tropical Medicine & Public Health

Publisher: Africa Health Research Organization

Publication date (Electronic): 9 June 2020

Volume: 4

Issue: 1

Affiliations

[1 ] Dept of Infectious Diseases, AHRO University, Glasgow Scotland

[2 ] Global Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, USA

Author notes

[* ]Email: abubakar_yarogh@ 123456yahoo.com .

Author information

Abubakar Yaro https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0524-1394

Article

DOI: 10.36295/ATMPH/2020.231049

SO-VID: cc33abbe-cc96-4ccf-984e-2a49bb4aa24f

License:

This work has been published open access under Creative Commons Attribution License CC BY 4.0 , which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Conditions, terms of use and publishing policy can be found at www.scienceopen.com .

History

Date received : 5 June 2022

Date accepted : 11 June 2022

Data availability: All data generated or analysed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).

ScienceOpen disciplines: Medicine

Keywords: COVID-19,Drug,Vaccine,Development,Epidemiology

References

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Wang Yeming, Zhang Dingyu, Du Guanhua, Du Ronghui, Zhao Jianping, Jin Yang, Fu Shouzhi, Gao Ling, Cheng Zhenshun, Lu Qiaofa, Hu Yi, Luo Guangwei, Wang Ke, Lu Yang, Li Huadong, Wang Shuzhen, Ruan Shunan, Yang Chengqing, Mei Chunlin, Wang Yi, Ding Dan, Wu Feng, Tang Xin, Ye Xianzhi, Ye Yingchun, Liu Bing, Yang Jie, Yin Wen, Wang Aili, Fan Guohui, Zhou Fei, Liu Zhibo, Gu Xiaoying, Xu Jiuyang, Shang Lianhan, Zhang Yi, Cao Lianjun, Guo Tingting, Wan Yan, Qin Hong, Jiang Yushen, Jaki Thomas, Hayden Frederick G, Horby Peter W, Cao Bin, Wang Chen. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet. Vol. 395(10236):1569–1578. 2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]
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Comments

Comment on this article

[1] Luckhardt Tracy R, Coomes Stephanie M, Trujillo Glenda, Stoolman Joshua S, Vannella Kevin M, Bhan Urvashi, Wilke Carol A, Moore Thomas A, Toews Galen B, Hogaboam Cory, Moore Bethany B. TLR9-induced interferon β is associated with protection from gammaherpesvirus-induced exacerbation of lung fibrosis. Fibrogenesis & Tissue Repair. Vol. 4(1)2011. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]

[2] Phan Tung. Genetic diversity and evolution of SARS-CoV-2. Infection, Genetics and Evolution. Vol. 81:2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[3] Wang Changtai, Liu Zhongping, Chen Zixiang, Huang Xin, Xu Mengyuan, He Tengfei, Zhang Zhenhua. The establishment of reference sequence for SARS‐CoV‐2 and variation analysis. Journal of Medical Virology. Vol. 92(6):667–674. 2020. Wiley. [Cross Ref]

[4] Hayden Frederick G., Sugaya Norio, Hirotsu Nobuo, Lee Nelson, de Jong Menno D., Hurt Aeron C., Ishida Tadashi, Sekino Hisakuni, Yamada Kota, Portsmouth Simon, Kawaguchi Keiko, Shishido Takao, Arai Masatsugu, Tsuchiya Kenji, Uehara Takeki, Watanabe Akira. Baloxavir Marboxil for Uncomplicated Influenza in Adults and Adolescents. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 379(10):913–923. 2018. Massachusetts Medical Society. [Cross Ref]

[5] Dong Liying, Hu Shasha, Gao Jianjun. Discovering drugs to treat coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Drug Discoveries & Therapeutics. Vol. 14(1):58–60. 2020. International Research and Cooperation Association for Bio & Socio-Sciences Advancement (IRCA-BSSA). [Cross Ref]

[6] Cao Bin, Wang Yeming, Wen Danning, Liu Wen, Wang Jingli, Fan Guohui, Ruan Lianguo, Song Bin, Cai Yanping, Wei Ming, Li Xingwang, Xia Jiaan, Chen Nanshan, Xiang Jie, Yu Ting, Bai Tao, Xie Xuelei, Zhang Li, Li Caihong, Yuan Ye, Chen Hua, Li Huadong, Huang Hanping, Tu Shengjing, Gong Fengyun, Liu Ying, Wei Yuan, Dong Chongya, Zhou Fei, Gu Xiaoying, Xu Jiuyang, Liu Zhibo, Zhang Yi, Li Hui, Shang Lianhan, Wang Ke, Li Kunxia, Zhou Xia, Dong Xuan, Qu Zhaohui, Lu Sixia, Hu Xujuan, Ruan Shunan, Luo Shanshan, Wu Jing, Peng Lu, Cheng Fang, Pan Lihong, Zou Jun, Jia Chunmin, Wang Juan, Liu Xia, Wang Shuzhen, Wu Xudong, Ge Qin, He Jing, Zhan Haiyan, Qiu Fang, Guo Li, Huang Chaolin, Jaki Thomas, Hayden Frederick G., Horby Peter W., Zhang Dingyu, Wang Chen. A Trial of Lopinavir–Ritonavir in Adults Hospitalized with Severe Covid-19. New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 382(19):1787–1799. 2020. Massachusetts Medical Society. [Cross Ref]

[7] Wang Yeming, Zhang Dingyu, Du Guanhua, Du Ronghui, Zhao Jianping, Jin Yang, Fu Shouzhi, Gao Ling, Cheng Zhenshun, Lu Qiaofa, Hu Yi, Luo Guangwei, Wang Ke, Lu Yang, Li Huadong, Wang Shuzhen, Ruan Shunan, Yang Chengqing, Mei Chunlin, Wang Yi, Ding Dan, Wu Feng, Tang Xin, Ye Xianzhi, Ye Yingchun, Liu Bing, Yang Jie, Yin Wen, Wang Aili, Fan Guohui, Zhou Fei, Liu Zhibo, Gu Xiaoying, Xu Jiuyang, Shang Lianhan, Zhang Yi, Cao Lianjun, Guo Tingting, Wan Yan, Qin Hong, Jiang Yushen, Jaki Thomas, Hayden Frederick G, Horby Peter W, Cao Bin, Wang Chen. Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial. The Lancet. Vol. 395(10236):1569–1578. 2020. Elsevier BV. [Cross Ref]

[8] Chu C M. Role of lopinavir/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings. Thorax. Vol. 59(3):252–256. 2004. BMJ. [Cross Ref]

[9] Wang Manli, Cao Ruiyuan, Zhang Leike, Yang Xinglou, Liu Jia, Xu Mingyue, Shi Zhengli, Hu Zhihong, Zhong Wu, Xiao Gengfu. Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro. Cell Research. Vol. 30(3):269–271. 2020. Springer Science and Business Media LLC. [Cross Ref]