Anthony Arkell, Sudan and UCL
The Petrie Museum’s collection began to be extended with objects from excavations in Sudan during the tenure of Anthony J. Arkell (1898–1980) as Honorary Curator, which was only one role in his storied life (Figure 1). After a distinguished career in the Royal Flying Corps, Arkell joined the Sudan Political Service and subsequently became the first holder of the new post of Commissioner for Archaeology and Anthropology in 1939 (Ille 2018: 179; Smith 1981: 143). This position was part of the British colonial administration of Sudan prior to its independence from British and Egyptian governance, which took place on January 1st 1956. In this role, Arkell was tasked with setting up the Sudan National Museum (SNM) in Khartoum and documenting the museum’s collection, with support from the British archaeologist Laurence P. Kirwan (Janssen 1992: 58; Siddiq Mohamed Gasm Elseed 2004: 10). During this vast project, Arkell worked with Sudanese students on object documentation and later appointed the first Sudanese inspectors to the newly-formed Sudan Antiquities Service, now the National Corporation for Antiquities and Museums (NCAM) (Smith 1981: 144). Alongside setting up the SNM, Arkell also supported Hilda Petrie to secure the donation of Petrie’s working library to Khartoum after his death in 1942 (Drower 1995: 425). This collection, originally housed in a dedicated ‘Flinders Petrie Library’ building, comprised almost 1500 volumes, together with boxes of photographs and pamphlets, which subsequently formed the nucleus of the SNM library (Drower 1995: 425; Krol and Kuznezova 2014).
After the Second World War, Arkell led the first official excavations of the Sudan Antiquities Service at a Prehistoric site in the grounds of Khartoum Hospital (Arkell 1949; Edwards 2004: 24–26). Here, Arkell established the existence of a pottery-using culture associated with bone and stone tools which he characterised as Mesolithic (Arkell 1949: 111; Smith 1981: 144). From 1949–1950 Arkell then led excavations at Shaheinab, the site of an early Neolithic culture that he termed ‘Khartoum Neolithic’ (Arkell 1953a; Smith 1981: 145). Excavations revealed evidence for the domestication of sheep and goats, personal adornment including lip plugs, weapons and ceramics including Neolithic impressed and dotted wavy-line wares (Arkell 1953a: 102–108). Finds from these excavations were shared between UCL and SNM to promote teaching and research on Sudanese antiquity. In the 1950s, Martin Burgess, Petrie Museum Technician, made plaster cast sets of some of these objects which Arkell distributed to museums who wished to use them for teaching and display. Arkell’s handwritten distribution list, and related correspondence, are kept in the Petrie Museum Archives.2
The then-Edwards Professor of Egyptian Archaeology and Philology at UCL, Jaroslav Černý, appointed Arkell as Lecturer in Egyptology and Honorary Curator in 1948 (Janssen 1992: 57–59; Růžová 2010). Until Arkell’s appointment, most of the Petrie Museum collection had remained in wartime storage in Foster Court. New ‘temporary’ museum accommodation had been identified above the Malet Place boiler houses and the task of systematically unpacking and documenting 800 crates of objects, and scrupulously checking excavation marks against British School of Archaeology in Egypt publications, fell to Arkell (Smith 1981: 146; Stevenson and Challis 2015: 19). Arkell obtained funds for suitable display cases, arranged preliminary conservation interventions for objects damaged in storage, and undertook measures to secure the building (Janssen 1992: 62–63; Smith 1981: 146). He also supervised the design of new—still extant—cupboards and wooden storage drawers, which are directly comparable with Arkell’s design for the SNM stores in Khartoum (Figure 2). In 1953 the Petrie Museum celebrated the centenary of Flinders Petrie’s birth with a special exhibition, for which Arkell wrote the accompanying catalogue (Arkell 1953b; Janssen 1992: 64–69). By the time he retired from UCL in 1963 to become ordained, Arkell had succeeded to unpack and re-house the whole collection, and catalogue at least a third of it, over 14 years (Smith 1981: 146).
Collection Histories: Donations and Display
Sudanese objects, and objects associated with Sudan, were donated to the Petrie Museum during Arkell’s term as Honorary Curator from 1948–1963. While in post, Arkell succeeded in forging meaningful links between UCL and the Sudan Antiquities Service, who presented a group of objects from sites including el-Kurru, Kerma, Meroe and Nuri to the Petrie Museum in 1955. This group includes ‘tulip’ beakers from Tumulus KIV at Kerma3 and inscribed stone shabtis from the royal pyramids at Nuri4 which remain popular with Petrie Museum visitors and hold special significance for African London audiences. The Museum also holds a small collection of Chinese pottery fragments which were collected at ‘Aidhab, a port at the Egyptian-Sudanese border on the Red Sea, by Sir Douglas Newbold (1894–1945), colonial administrator for the British Empire in Sudan and Governor of Kordofan. They subsequently passed to Arkell, Newbold’s friend and colleague, via Newbold’s sister Kathleen Terry (Challis 2015: 92). Arkell registered the sherds into the collection where they remain, in storage, associated with Newbold’s calling card.5 These sherds highlight trade relations between Africa, the Middle East and Asia during the 13th–14th centuries AD, as well as the political history of collecting in the early 20th century (Challis 2015: 92).
The Petrie Museum retained around 1000 objects from the distribution of the Wellcome Collection in 1964, including more than 600 from excavations at Meroe led by John Garstang from 1909–1914 (Garstang 1911; Stevenson and Challis 2015: 19; Török 1997). Only a fraction of these objects are currently on display though several consistently feature in the ‘Top 10’ visitor trails: a faience votive ankh, inscribed with the name and epithets of Aspelta from Palace 294 at Meroe, is a particular visitor favourite (Chimbiri 2015: 94–95; Teasley, Quirke and Lacovara 2005: 104; Török 1997: 156, pl. 116).6 The Petrie Museum holds around 800 objects from Wellcome’s own excavations at Jebel Moya from 1910–1914, together with the excavation reports kept in the Museum library (Addison 1949; Larson 2009: 58–59). Objects from Jebel Moya, including Neolithic lip plugs and stone armlets, feature alongside Kushite and Meroitic Sudanese objects in a Petrie Museum showcase. This display serves to highlight the richness of Sudanese material culture in the collection, but the nuances of their complex object histories are not currently evident to visitors due to their current sparse interpretation. During the 1960s, the Petrie Museum also received further donations of Sudanese material through the division of finds from the Egypt Exploration Society (EES) excavations at Buhen and Qasr Ibrim (Adams 2010; Emory, Millard and Smith 1979: 197–223). While fine painted Meroitic ceramics from Qasr Ibrim form eye-catching foci in the Pottery Gallery, these collections are otherwise currently under-represented in the Petrie Museum galleries due partly to their fragility.
Creative Engagements with Sudan
Over the past two decades Petrie Museum staff have led innovative creative engagement projects with Sudanese communities, and the Sudan collection. Of particular note is the MLA-Renaissance funded ‘Hidden Histories’ project (2007–2008), which aimed to create innovative points of public engagement with the collection through the direct involvement of Sudanese and Egyptian community groups (Helmy 2015: 2199). This project integrated conservation and curatorial knowledge with public engagement and new archaeological displays, focusing on the theme of personal adornment and the Petrie Museum’s bead collection. As part of this project, various public-facing activities took place: notably, local Egyptian and Sudanese community members worked on the re-stringing of beads and provided reflective quotes on their experience and the collections for the project publication (Helmy and Nisbet 2008). An associated series of project lectures focused on complementary themes, including a presentation in Brixton delivered by the Director of the Nile Valley Museum in Aswan, Ossama Abdel Meguid, and hosted by the Sudanese Project Manager Rashid El-Sheikh, as part of Black History Month (Helmy 2015: 2215). In 2008, Sally-Ann Ashton (Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge) worked with Stephen Quirke to organise a series of free public workshops at the Fitzwilliam Museum, with the aim of providing community and student groups with the opportunity to raise important questions and issues with key African intellectuals relating to the ethnicity of ancient Egyptian and Sudanese people. Funded by the Heritage Lottery Fund, this project provided a platform for all participants to gain a stronger understanding of how Egypt fits into African cultural heritage in the modern day. Importantly, the project funding also enabled Ossama Abdel Meguid to travel to the UK to take part in these discussions.
In 2012, the leading Sudanese poet Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi participated in an Arts Council England-funded residency at the Petrie Museum, organised in association with the Poetry Translation Centre (PTC). Al-Raddi is widely regarded as one of the most important African poets writing in Arabic and his poetry frequently reflects on ancient Sudanese cultures (Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi 2015: 7–11). During his residency, organised by the late Sarah Maguire, PTC founder and Director, with Debbie Challis (Audience Development Officer), Al-Raddi worked closely with Stephen Quirke (Curator) to create a series of poems inspired by the Museum’s collection of objects from Meroe (Al-Saddiq Al-Raddi 2015). This poetry collection, presented in English and Arabic, was subsequently nominated for The Ted Hughes Award for New Work in Poetry and represents the culmination of an innovative, meaningful project which succeeded in its aim to creatively re-interpret the Museum’s Sudanese collection.
Future Directions
The Petrie Museum’s Sudanese collection has a rich, layered history which would significantly benefit from greater visibility through increased interpretation, to more effectively tease out the different object stories for visitors. The potential for further creative reinterpretation is also evident, particularly where this would include meaningful engagement with local Sudanese communities. The strong links between the Petrie Museum and the SNM—focusing on the similarities in object storage and documentation resulting from Arkell’s vision for both museums—would repay deeper research and present opportunities for valuable reciprocal skills exchange between Petrie Museum and SNM staff, who share many of the same collections care-related issues. Ultimately, it is also clear that Sudan’s role in the collection should be offered greater visibility: renaming the Museum as the Petrie Museum of Egyptian and Sudanese Archaeology would surely deliver that aim.