Pune, also known as Poona, is a significant city in Western India, often called the 'Queen of the Deccan' due to its elevated position, pleasant climate, and surrounding hills. It has earned various nicknames like 'Pensioner's Paradise,' 'Oxford of the East,' 'Detroit of India,' and the 'cultural capital of Maharashtra.' The city has grown from a small agricultural settlement in the 8th century to a metropolis spanning over 700 sq. km with a population of around 4 million. Pune has a rich historical background, witnessing the rule of different dynasties, including the Marathas and the British. It became the 'Monsoon Capital' during British rule and is home to numerous educational institutes, research institutes, and defense establishments. Pune's physical setting includes its location on the Deccan Plateau, surrounded by hills and near the confluence of several rivers. The city experiences a typical monsoonal climate with distinct seasons. Over time, Pune has witnessed significant population and area growth, expanding from 5 sq. km to 700 sq. km since 1818. The urban population has also increased from 1.64 lakh in 1901 to an estimated 42 lakh in 2001. However, this growth has resulted in changes in land use, particularly a decrease in agricultural and grassland-scrub areas. The urban expansion has affected natural habitats in the region.