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      Handbook of Research on Neurocognitive Development of Executive Functions and Implications for Intervention : 

      Executive Functions and Conversational Competence

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      Author(s): ,
      Publication date:
      Publisher: IGI Global

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          There is no author summary for this book yet. Authors can add summaries to their books on ScienceOpen to make them more accessible to a non-specialist audience.

          Abstract

          This chapter adopts the perspective that executive functions are a processing system that regulates language and communication, modulated by conversational competence. In this bidirectional relationship, executive dysfunctions will result in conversational competence alterations of language use (i.e., pragmatics). This chapter examines the relationship between executive functions and conversational competence using examples of spontaneous conversational interactions of patients with language impairments. The authors present didactic proposals to mitigate the effects of the linguistic alterations.

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          The unity and diversity of executive functions and their contributions to complex "Frontal Lobe" tasks: a latent variable analysis.

          Akira Miyake, Naomi Friedman, Michael J Emerson … (2000)
          This individual differences study examined the separability of three often postulated executive functions-mental set shifting ("Shifting"), information updating and monitoring ("Updating"), and inhibition of prepotent responses ("Inhibition")-and their roles in complex "frontal lobe" or "executive" tasks. One hundred thirty-seven college students performed a set of relatively simple experimental tasks that are considered to predominantly tap each target executive function as well as a set of frequently used executive tasks: the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Tower of Hanoi (TOH), random number generation (RNG), operation span, and dual tasking. Confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the three target executive functions are moderately correlated with one another, but are clearly separable. Moreover, structural equation modeling suggested that the three functions contribute differentially to performance on complex executive tasks. Specifically, WCST performance was related most strongly to Shifting, TOH to Inhibition, RNG to Inhibition and Updating, and operation span to Updating. Dual task performance was not related to any of the three target functions. These results suggest that it is important to recognize both the unity and diversity of executive functions and that latent variable analysis is a useful approach to studying the organization and roles of executive functions. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.
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            Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review.

            Julie Alvarez, Eugene Emory (2006)
            Currently, there is debate among scholars regarding how to operationalize and measure executive functions. These functions generally are referred to as "supervisory" cognitive processes because they involve higher level organization and execution of complex thoughts and behavior. Although conceptualizations vary regarding what mental processes actually constitute the "executive function" construct, there has been a historical linkage of these "higher-level" processes with the frontal lobes. In fact, many investigators have used the term "frontal functions" synonymously with "executive functions" despite evidence that contradicts this synonymous usage. The current review provides a critical analysis of lesion and neuroimaging studies using three popular executive function measures (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, Phonemic Verbal Fluency, and Stroop Color Word Interference Test) in order to examine the validity of the executive function construct in terms of its relation to activation and damage to the frontal lobes. Empirical lesion data are examined via meta-analysis procedures along with formula derivatives. Results reveal mixed evidence that does not support a one-to-one relationship between executive functions and frontal lobe activity. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications of construing the validity of these neuropsychological tests in anatomical, rather than cognitive and behavioral, terms.
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              Unity and diversity of executive functions: Individual differences as a window on cognitive structure.

              Naomi Friedman, Akira Miyake (2017)
              Executive functions (EFs) are high-level cognitive processes, often associated with the frontal lobes, that control lower level processes in the service of goal-directed behavior. They include abilities such as response inhibition, interference control, working memory updating, and set shifting. EFs show a general pattern of shared but distinct functions, a pattern described as "unity and diversity". We review studies of EF unity and diversity at the behavioral and genetic levels, focusing on studies of normal individual differences and what they reveal about the functional organization of these cognitive abilities. In particular, we review evidence that across multiple ages and populations, commonly studied EFs (a) are robustly correlated but separable when measured with latent variables; (b) are not the same as general intelligence or g; (c) are highly heritable at the latent level and seemingly also highly polygenic; and (d) activate both common and specific neural areas and can be linked to individual differences in neural activation, volume, and connectivity. We highlight how considering individual differences at the behavioral and neural levels can add considerable insight to the investigation of the functional organization of the brain, and conclude with some key points about individual differences to consider when interpreting neuropsychological patterns of dissociation.
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                Author and book information

                Contributors
                Veronica Moreno-Campos: (View ORCID Profile)
                Yina M. Quique: (View ORCID Profile)
                Book Chapter
                Publication date: March 18 2022
                Pages: 101-125
                DOI: 10.4018/978-1-7998-9075-1.ch005
                SO-VID: cc5098db-781f-4000-b27f-14691d64ffe2
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