Ultrapure Dialysate Reduces Plasma Levels of β 2 -Microglobulin and Pentosidine in Hemodialysis Patients

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Abstract

Background: β2-Microglobulin (β2MG) and carbonyl stress are reported to contribute to the development of dialysis-related amyloidosis. The aim of this study was to determine whether the purity of dialysate affects plasma levels of β2MG and pentosidine (a surrogate marker of carbonyl stress) in hemodialysis patients. Methods: Sixteen patients on hemodialysis with a polysulfone membrane participated in this study. We switched the dialysate from conventional dialysate (endotoxin level 0.055–0.066 endotoxin units (EU)/ml) to ultrapure dialysate (endotoxin level <0.001 EU/ml), followed patients for 6 months, and then switched back to conventional dialysate once again. Plasma levels of β2MG, pentosidine, CRP and interleukin-6 (IL-6) were determined before the switch to ultrapure dialysate, 1 and 6 months after the switch to ultrapure dialysate, and 1 month after the switch back to conventional dialysate. Results: The switch from conventional to ultrapure dialysate significantly decreased plasma levels of β2MG, from 30.1 ± 1.4 to 27.1 ± 1.4 mg/dl (p < 0.05) and pentosidine, from 1,535.8 ± 107.5 to 1,267.6 ± 102.9 nmol/l (p < 0.01) after 1 month of use. The change of dialysate also significantly decreased plasma levels of CRP, from 0.28 ± 0.09 to 0.14 ± 0.05 mg/dl (p < 0.05) and IL-6, from 9.4 ± 2.7 to 3.5 ± 0.8 pg/ml (p < 0.01) over the 1-month period. These changes in plasma levels of β2MG, pentosidine, CRP and IL-6 were maintained over 6 months after switching to ultrapure dialysate and returned to basal levels by switching back to a conventional dialysate. Conclusions: Ultrapure dialysate decreases plasma levels of β2MG, pentosidine and inflammatory markers in hemodialysis patients. The use of ultrapure dialysate might be useful in preventing and/or treating complications of dialysis, such as dialysis-related amyloidosis, atherosclerosis and malnutrition.

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Most cited references 21

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A new form of amyloid protein associated with chronic hemodialysis was identified as β2-microglobulin

F Gejyo, T Yamada, S Odani … (1985)

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Dialysate related cytokine induction and response to recombinant human erythropoietin in haemodialysis patients.

H. Schiffl, T Sitter, A. Bergner (2000)

Chronic inflammatory disorders or infections represent a major cause of hyporesponsiveness to recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo). To test the hypothesis that dialysate-related cytokine induction alters the response to rHuEpo, we conducted a prospective study with matched pairs of chronic haemodialysis patients. We compared the effect of two dialysis fluids, differing in their microbiological quality, on the rHuEpo therapy. Thirty male patients with end-stage renal disease maintained on regular haemodialysis were assigned either to a group treated with conventional (potentially microbiologically contaminated) dialysate (group I) or to a group treated with online-produced ultrapure dialysate (group II). Randomization was stratified according to the maintenance dose of rHuEpo necessary to maintain a target haemoglobin level of 10-10.5 g/dl. Patients were followed for 12 months. Kt/V was calculated by the formula of Daugirdas. Haemoglobin levels were measured weekly and serum ferritin concentrations were determined at 6-week intervals. C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) was measured by an ELISA at the start of the study and after 3, 6 and 12 months. In group I, continuous use of bicarbonate dialysate did not change the rHuEpo dosage given to achieve the target haemoglobin level and was associated with elevated surrogate markers (CRP, IL-6) of cytokine-induced inflammation. The switch from conventional to online-produced ultrapure dialysate in group II resulted in a lower bacterial contamination with a significant decrease of CRP and IL-6 blood levels. It was accompanied by a significant and sustained reduction of the rHuEpo dosage, which was required to correct the anaemia. Using multiple regression analysis, IL-6 levels are shown to have a strong predictive value for rHuEpo dosage in both groups. Our data demonstrate that dialysate-related factors such as low bacterial contamination can induce the activation of monocytes, resulting in elevated serum levels of IL-6. Dialysate-related cytokine induction might diminish erythropoiesis. The use of pyrogen free ultrapure dialysate resulted in a better response to rHuEpo. Not only would it save money, but it would also help to maintain an optimal haemoglobin level without further increase in rHuEpo dosage.

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Effects of ultrapure dialysis fluid on nutritional status and inflammatory parameters.

V. Lang, D Stratakis, Rainald Fischer … (2001)

Malnutrition and chronic systemic inflammatory response syndrome not only coexist in uraemia, but may also have a bi-directional cause-and-effect relationship. To evaluate the role of dialysate-related cytokine induction in inflammatory response and nutritional status, we conducted a prospective comparison of two dialysis fluids differing in their microbiological quality. Forty-eight early haemodialysis patients were assigned to either treatment with conventional (potentially microbiologically contaminated) or on-line produced ultrapure dialysis fluid. Study parameters were bacterial growth, markers of systemic inflammation (C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin 6), and parameters of nutritional status (estimated dry weight, upper mid-arm muscle circumference, serum albumin concentration, insulin-like growth factor 1, leptin, and protein catabolic rate). Patients were followed for 12 months. There were no statistically significant differences in demographic and treatment characteristics, degree of bacterial contamination of the dialysate, markers of systemic inflammation, or parameters of nutritional status among the two treatment groups at recruitment. Changing from conventional to ultrapure dialysis fluid reduced significantly the levels of IL-6 (19+/-3 pg/ml to 13+/-3 pg/ml) and CRP (1.0+/- 0.4 mg/dl to 0.5+/-0.2 mg/dl), and resulted in significant increases in estimated dry body weight, mid-arm muscle circumference, serum albumin concentration, levels of the humoral factors, and in protein catabolic rate after 12 months. Continuous use of conventional dialysis fluid (median 40-60 c.f.u./ml) was not associated with significant alterations in markers of inflammation (IL-6 21+/-4 pg/ml vs 24+/-6 pg/ml, CRP 0.9+/-0.3 mg/dl vs 1.1+/-0.4 mg/dl) or of nutritional status at any time of the study. All differences in systemic inflammation and nutritional parameters observed during the study period (from recruitment to month 12) were significant between the two patient groups. Cytokine induction by microbiologically contaminated dialysis fluid has a negative impact on nutritional parameters of early haemodialysis patients. The microbiological quality of the dialysis fluid represents an independent determinant of the nutritional status in addition to known factors, such as dose of dialysis and biocompatibility of the dialyser membrane. Ultrapure dialysis fluid adds to the cost of the dialytic treatment, but may improve the nutritional status in long-term haemodialysis patients.

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (publisher-id): BPU

Journal ID (nlm-ta): Blood Purif

Journal ID (doi): 10.1159/issn.0253-5068

Title: Blood Purification

Publisher: S. Karger AG

ISSN (Print): 0253-5068

ISSN (Electronic): 1421-9735

Publication date Subscription-year: 2005

Publication date (Print): September 2005

Publication date (Electronic): 04 October 2005

Volume: 23

Issue: 4

Pages: 311-316

Affiliations

^aRenal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, Iwata; ^bDepartment of Clinical Nutrition, School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, and ^cDepartment of Orthopedic Surgery and ^dFirst Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Japan

Article

Publisher ID: 86554 Other ID: Blood Purif 2005;23:311–316

DOI: 10.1159/000086554

PubMed ID: 15980621

SO-VID: eb063bd0-a155-4b8e-800f-e69cd8b96221

License:

Copyright: All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be translated into other languages, reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, microcopying, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Drug Dosage: The authors and the publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in this text are in accord with current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any changes in indications and dosage and for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new and/or infrequently employed drug. Disclaimer: The statements, opinions and data contained in this publication are solely those of the individual authors and contributors and not of the publishers and the editor(s). The appearance of advertisements or/and product references in the publication is not a warranty, endorsement, or approval of the products or services advertised or of their effectiveness, quality or safety. The publisher and the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to persons or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content or advertisements.

History

Date received : 05 January 2005

Date accepted : 14 April 2005

Page count

Figures: 1, Tables: 2, References: 33, Pages: 6

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