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      Is Open Access

      Social robots in advanced dementia

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          Abstract

          Aims: Pilot studies applying a humanoid robot (NAO), a pet robot (PARO) and a real animal (DOG) in therapy sessions of patients with dementia in a nursing home and a day care center.

          Methods:In the nursing home, patients were assigned by living units, based on dementia severity, to one of the three parallel therapeutic arms to compare: CONTROL, PARO and NAO (Phase 1) and CONTROL, PARO, and DOG (Phase 2). In the day care center, all patients received therapy with NAO (Phase 1) and PARO (Phase 2). Therapy sessions were held 2 days per week during 3 months. Evaluation, at baseline and follow-up, was carried out by blind raters using: the Global Deterioration Scale (GDS), the Severe Mini Mental State Examination (sMMSE), the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), the Apathy Scale for Institutionalized Patients with Dementia Nursing Home version (APADEM-NH), the Apathy Inventory (AI) and the Quality of Life Scale (QUALID). Statistical analysis included descriptive statistics and non-parametric tests performed by a blinded investigator.

          Results: In the nursing home, 101 patients (Phase 1) and 110 patients (Phase 2) were included. There were no significant differences at baseline. The relevant changes at follow-up were: (Phase 1) patients in the robot groups showed an improvement in apathy; patients in NAO group showed a decline in cognition as measured by the MMSE scores, but not the sMMSE; the robot groups showed no significant changes between them; (Phase 2) QUALID scores increased in the PARO group. In the day care center, 20 patients (Phase 1) and 17 patients (Phase 2) were included. The main findings were: (Phase 1) improvement in the NPI irritability and the NPI total score; (Phase 2) no differences were observed at follow-up.

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          Most cited references24

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          Assistive social robots in elderly care: a review

          J. Broekens, M. Heerink, H. Rosendal (2009)
          Article 0 comments Cited 188 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            The apathy inventory: assessment of apathy and awareness in Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment.

            S Clairet, Rebecca M. Borg, P Bedoucha … (2002)
            This study was designed to establish the validity and reliability of the apathy inventory (IA), a rating scale for global assessment of apathy and separate assessment of emotional blunting, lack of initiative, and lack of interest. Information for the IA can be obtained from the patient or from a caregiver. We evaluated 115 subjects using the IA, consisting of 19 healthy elderly subjects, 24 patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI), 12 subjects with Parkinson's disease (PD) and 60 subjects with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Internal consistency, item reliability, and between-rater reliability were high. A test-retest reliability study demonstrated that caregiver responses to IA questions were stable over short intervals. A concurrent validity study showed that the IA assesses apathy as effectively as the Neuro Psychiatric Inventory apathy domain. In the caregiver-based evaluation, AD subjects had significantly higher scores than controls, both for global apathy score and for the lack of interest dimension. When the AD patients were subdivided according to diagnostic criteria for apathy, apathetic patients had significantly higher scores than non apathetic patients. With the patient-based evaluations, no differences were found among the AD, MCI and control groups. The scores in the patient-based evaluations were only higher for the PD group versus the control subjects. The results also indicated that AD patients had poor awareness of their emotional blunting and lack of initiative. The IA is a reliable method for assessing in demented and non-demented elderly subjects several dimensions of the apathetic syndrome, and also the subject's awareness of these symptoms. Copyright 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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              The quality of life in late-stage dementia (QUALID) scale.

              M Weiner, K Martin-Cook, D A Svetlik … (2015)
              To develop a valid and reliable instrument for rating quality of life in persons with late-stage Alzheimer's disease and other dementing illnesses. A group of clinicians with extensive experience in dealing with dementia patients developed by consensus the Quality of Life in Dementia Scale (QUALID), an 11-item scale. The window of observation for each subject was 7 days. A 5-point scale captured the frequency of each item (total score ranging from 11 to 55). Lower scores reflected a higher quality of life (QOL). Validity was assessed by comparison with other measures. Dementia special care unit. Professional caregivers of 42 patients. QUALID, Mini-Mental State Exam (MMSE), Physical Self-Maintenance Scale (PSMS), Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI), and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS). QUALID scores ranged from 12 to 45 points and were skewed toward higher QOL (lower scores). Internal consistency of items was high, as were test-retest reliability and consistency across recorders. As expected, there was no relationship between QUALID and MMSE or PSMS scores, but there was a statistically significant, although moderate, relationship between QUALID and NPI, and GDS scores. The QUALID is a reliable and valid scale, administered to caregivers, for rating QOL in persons with late-stage dementing illness.
              Article 0 comments Cited 66 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Front Aging Neurosci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Front Aging Neurosci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): Front. Aging Neurosci.
                Title: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
                Publisher: Frontiers Media S.A.
                ISSN (Electronic): 1663-4365
                Publication date (Electronic): 03 September 2015
                Publication date Collection: 2015
                Volume: 7
                Electronic Location Identifier: 133
                Affiliations
                [1] 1Research Unit, CIEN Foundation, Carlos III Institute of Health, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofía Foundation Madrid, Spain
                [2] 2CIBERSAM-Carlos III Institute of Health Madrid Madrid, Spain
                [3] 3Maria Wolff Foundation Madrid, Spain
                [4] 4Health Care Area, Alzheimer Center Reina Sofía Foundation Madrid, Spain
                [5] 5RoboticsLab, Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid, Spain
                [6] 6CIBERNED-Carlos III Institute of Health Madrid, Spain
                [7] 7Applied Research Area, National Center of Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Health Madrid, Spain
                Author notes

                Edited by: Philippe Robert, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France

                Reviewed by: Valeria Manera, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France; Philippe Robert, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, France; Jérémy Bourgeois, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, France

                *Correspondence: Meritxell Valentí Soler, CIEN Foundation, Calle Valderrebollo, 5 Valderrebollo Street, 28031 Madrid, Spain merivalenti@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2015.00133
                PMC ID: 4558428
                SO-VID: fbef7dfd-7674-433a-abdc-d8ed25b36469
                Copyright © Copyright © 2015 Valentí Soler, Agüera-Ortiz, Olazarán Rodríguez, Mendoza Rebolledo, Pérez Muñoz, Rodríguez Pérez, Osa Ruiz, Barrios Sánchez, Herrero Cano, Carrasco Chillón, Felipe Ruiz, López Alvarez, León Salas, Cañas Plaza, Martín Rico, Abella Dago and Martínez Martín.
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) or licensor are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

                History
                Date received : 23 February 2015
                Date accepted : 29 June 2015
                Page count
                Figures: 5, Tables: 1, Equations: 0, References: 37, Pages: 12, Words: 8011
                Categories
                Subject: Neuroscience
                Subject: Original Research

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: dementia,alzheimer disease,therapy,robotics,human-robot interaction,technology,animal assisted therapy,apathy
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurosciences
                Keywords: dementia, alzheimer disease, therapy, robotics, human-robot interaction, technology, animal assisted therapy, apathy

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