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      Nerve grafting for peripheral nerve injuries with extended defect sizes Translated title: Nerventransplantate für periphere Nervenverletzungen ausgedehnterer Defektgrößen

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          Summary

          Artificial and non-artificial nerve grafts are the gold standard in peripheral nerve reconstruction in cases with extensive loss of nerve tissue, particularly where a direct end-to-end suture or an autologous nerve graft is inauspicious. Different materials are marketed and approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for peripheral nerve graft reconstruction. The most frequently used materials are collagen and poly(DL-lactide-ε-caprolactone). Only one human nerve allograft is listed for peripheral nerve reconstruction by the FDA. All marketed nerve grafts are able to demonstrate sufficient nerve regeneration over small distances not exceeding 3.0 cm. A key question in the field is whether nerve reconstruction on large defect lengths extending 4.0 cm or more is possible. This review gives a summary of current clinical and experimental approaches in peripheral nerve surgery using artificial and non-artificial nerve grafts in short and long distance nerve defects. Strategies to extend nerve graft lengths for long nerve defects, such as enhancing axonal regeneration, include the additional application of Schwann cells, mesenchymal stem cells or supporting co-factors like growth factors on defect sizes between 4.0 and 8.0 cm.

          Zusammenfassung

          Der Goldstandard in der Versorgung von peripheren Nervendefekten ist nach wie vor die autologe Transplantation. Sollte eine Versorgung des Defekts mittels eines autologen Transplantats nicht möglich sein, so gibt es die Möglichkeit, auf von der U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) zugelassene künstliche Nervenimplantate zurückzugreifen. Diese sind jedoch nur für periphere Nervendefekte <3,0 cm erprobt und zugelassen, für Defekte, welche diese 3,0 cm übersteigen, gibt es derzeit keine zugelassenen Alternativen. Für durch Tumorinfiltration oder Trauma entstehende Defekte werden diese aber dringend benötigt. Der Reviewartikel gibt einen Überblick über aktuelle Forschungsansätze mit dem Ziel der Transplantatversorgung langstreckiger Nervendefekte und zeigt die Notwendigkeit neuer, innovativer Forschungsansätze auch im Bereich der autologen Zelltransplantation.

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          Most cited references85

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          Management of nerve gaps: autografts, allografts, nerve transfers, and end-to-side neurorrhaphy.

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            Analysis of upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injuries in a population of patients with multiple injuries.

            The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence, cause, severity, and patterns of associated injuries of limb peripheral nerve injuries sustained by patients with multiple injuries seen at a regional Level 1 trauma center. Patients sustaining injuries to the radial, median, ulnar, sciatic, femoral, peroneal, or tibial nerves were identified using a prospectively collected computerized database, maintained by Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, and a detailed chart review was undertaken. From a trauma population of 5,777 patients treated between January 1, 1986, and November 30, 1996, 162 patients were identified as having an injury to at least one of the peripheral nerves of interest, yielding a prevalence of 2.8%. These 162 patients sustained a total of 200 peripheral nerve injuries, 121 of which were in the upper extremity. The mean patient age was 34.6 years (SEM +/- 1.1 year), and 83% of patients were male. The mean injury severity score was 23.1 (+/-0.90), and the mean length of hospital stay was 28 days (+/-1.8). Motor vehicles crashes predominated (46%) as the cause of injury. The most frequently injured nerve was the radial nerve (58 injuries), and in the lower limb, the peroneal nerve was most commonly injured (39 injuries). Diagnosis of a peripheral nerve injury was made within 4 days of admission to Sunnybrook Health Science Centre in 78% of the cases. Surgery was required to treat 54% of patients. Head injuries were the most common associated injury, occurring in 60% of patients. Other common associated injuries included fractures and dislocations. The present report aims to aid in identification and treatment of peripheral nerve injuries.
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              Chapter 8: Current techniques and concepts in peripheral nerve repair.

              Despite the progress in understanding the pathophysiology of peripheral nervous system injury and regeneration, as well as advancements in microsurgical techniques, peripheral nerve injuries are still a major challenge for reconstructive surgeons. Thorough knowledge of anatomy, pathophysiology, and surgical reconstruction is a prerequisite of proper peripheral nerve injury management. This chapter reviews the currently available surgical treatment options for different types of nerve injuries in clinical conditions. In overview of direct nerve repair, various end-to-end coaptation techniques and the role of end-to-side repair for proximal nerve injuries is described. When primary repair cannot be performed without undue tension, nerve grafting or tubulization techniques are required. Current gold standard for bridging nerve gaps is nerve autografting. However, disadvantages of this approach, such as donor site morbidity and limited length of available graft material encouraged the search for alternative means of nerve gap reconstruction. Nerve allografting was introduced for repair of extensive nerve injuries. Tubulization techniques with natural or artificial conduits are applicable as an alternative for bridging short nerve defects without the morbidities associated with harvesting of autologous nerve grafts. Achieving better outcomes depends both on the advancements in microsurgical techniques and introduction of molecular biology discoveries into clinical practice. The field of peripheral nerve research is dynamically developing and concentrates on more sophisticated approaches tested at the basic science level. Future directions in peripheral nerve reconstruction including, tolerance induction and minimal immunosuppression for nerve allografting, cell based supportive therapies and bioengineering of nerve conduits are also reviewed in this chapter.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                +49-511-5320 , kornfeld.tim@mh-hannover.de
                +43-1-4040069860 , christine.radtke@meduniwien.ac.at
                Journal
                Wien Med Wochenschr
                Wien Med Wochenschr
                Wiener Medizinische Wochenschrift (1946)
                Springer Vienna (Vienna )
                0043-5341
                1563-258X
                13 December 2018
                13 December 2018
                2019
                : 169
                : 9
                : 240-251
                Affiliations
                [1 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9529 9877, GRID grid.10423.34, Department of Plastic, Aesthetic, Hand and Reconstructive Surgery, , Hannover Medical School, ; Carl-Neuberg-Straße 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
                [2 ]ISNI 0000 0000 9259 8492, GRID grid.22937.3d, Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, , Medical University of Vienna, ; Währinger Gürtel 18–20, 1090 Vienna, Austria
                Article
                675
                10.1007/s10354-018-0675-6
                6538587
                30547373
                d0d5967a-894e-422e-b450-78b406bfa785
                © The Author(s) 2018

                Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

                History
                : 21 July 2018
                : 21 November 2018
                Funding
                Funded by: FundRef http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100001663, Volkswagen Foundation;
                Funded by: Medical University of Vienna
                Categories
                Review
                Custom metadata
                © Springer-Verlag GmbH Austria, ein Teil von Springer Nature 2019

                Medicine
                fda,cell transplantation,artificial graft,autograft,allograft,zelltransplantation,kunsttransplantat,autotransplantat,allogenes transplantat

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