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      Estimates of incidence and mortality of cervical cancer in 2018: a worldwide analysis.

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          The knowledge that persistent human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the main cause of cervical cancer has resulted in the development of prophylactic vaccines to prevent HPV infection and HPV assays that detect nucleic acids of the virus. WHO has launched a Global Initiative to scale up preventive, screening, and treatment interventions to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem during the 21st century. Therefore, our study aimed to assess the existing burden of cervical cancer as a baseline from which to assess the effect of this initiative.

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          Worldwide prevalence and genotype distribution of cervical human papillomavirus DNA in women with normal cytology: a meta-analysis.

          Silvia de Sanjosé, Mireia Díaz, Xavier Castellsagué … (2007)
          We set out to estimate the age and genotype-specific prevalence of cervical human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA in women with normal cervical cytology worldwide by meta-analysis of a systematic literature review. Reports on HPV prevalence published between January, 1995, and January, 2005, were retrieved. To be included, studies required information on cervical cytology, plus detailed descriptions of study populations, methods used to collect cervical samples, and assays used for HPV DNA detection and typing. Final analyses included 78 studies that could be separated into women with normal cytology, and of which subsets of 44 and 48 studies had data on age and type-specific HPV prevalence, respectively. Overall HPV prevalence in 157 879 women with normal cervical cytology was estimated to be 10.4% (95% CI 10.2-10.7). Corresponding estimates by region were Africa 22.1% (20.9-23.4), Central America and Mexico 20.4% (19.3-21.4), northern America 11.3% (10.6-12.1), Europe 8.1% (7.8-8.4), and Asia 8.0% (7.5-8.4). In all world regions, HPV prevalence was highest in women younger than 35 years of age, decreasing in women of older age. In Africa, the Americas, and Europe, a clear second peak of HPV prevalence was observed in women aged 45 years or older. On the basis of these estimates, around 291 million women worldwide are carriers of HPV DNA, of whom 32% are infected with HPV16 or HPV18, or both. The HPV types most commonly detected are similar to those most commonly described in pre-neoplastic and cancer cases, although the relative contribution of HPV16 and HPV18 is substantially lower in cytologically normal women.
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            Alleviating the access abyss in palliative care and pain relief—an imperative of universal health coverage: the Lancet Commission report

            Felicia Marie Knaul, Paul E. Farmer, Eric L. Krakauer … (2018)
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              Worldwide burden of cervical cancer in 2008.

              M Arbyn, X Castellsagué, S de Sanjosé … (2011)
              The knowledge that persistent human papillomavirus infection is the main cause of cervical cancer has resulted in the development of assays that detect nucleic acids of the virus and prophylactic vaccines. Up-to-date and reliable data are needed to assess impact of existing preventive measures and to define priorities for the future. Best estimates on cervical cancer incidence and mortality are presented using recently compiled data from cancer and mortality registries for the year 2008. There were an estimated 530,000 cases of cervical cancer and 275,000 deaths from the disease in 2008. It is the third most common female cancer ranking after breast (1.38 million cases) and colorectal cancer (0.57 million cases). The incidence of cervical cancer varies widely among countries with world age-standardised rates ranging from 50 per 100,000. Cervical cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death among women in Eastern, Western and Middle Africa; Central America; South-Central Asia and Melanesia. The highest incidence rate is observed in Guinea, with ∼6.5% of women developing cervical cancer before the age of 75 years. India is the country with the highest disease frequency with 134,000 cases and 73 000 deaths. Cervical cancer, more than the other major cancers, affects women <45 years. In spite of effective screening methods, cervical cancer continues to be a major public health problem. New methodologies of cervical cancer prevention should be made available and accessible for women of all countries through well-organised programmes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Lancet Glob Health
                Title: The Lancet. Global health
                Publisher: Elsevier BV
                ISSN (Electronic): 2214-109X
                ISSN (Print): 2214-109X
                Publication date (Electronic): February 2020
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Belgian Cancer Centre, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium. Electronic address: marc.arbyn@sciensano.be.
                [2 ] International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France.
                [3 ] Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health, Barcelona, Spain; Unit of Infections and Cancer, Catalonian Institute of Oncology, Barcelona, Spain.
                [4 ] PATH, Seattle, WA, USA.
                [5 ] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Cancer Prevention and Control, Atlanta, GA, USA.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S2214-109X(19)30482-6
                DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30482-6
                PMC ID: 7025157
                PubMed ID: 31812369
                SO-VID: fdc06d23-f2d6-41f1-9acd-fa4ec999d911
                Copyright © Copyright © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.
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