Satoshi Sunohara: Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole:
ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draft
Toshiaki Asakura:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8838-785X
Role: ConceptualizationRole: Data curationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole:
MethodologyRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: ValidationRole: VisualizationRole: Writing
– original draft
Takashi Kimura:
ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6839-8962
Role: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing
– review & editing
Shun Ozawa: Role: InvestigationRole: ResourcesRole: Writing – original draft
Satoshi Oshima: Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
Daigo Yamauchi: Role: InvestigationRole: Writing – original draft
Akiko Tamakoshi: Role: Funding acquisitionRole: Project administrationRole: SupervisionRole: Writing
– review & editing
Martial L. Ndeffo Mbah: Role: Editor
Journal ID (nlm-ta): PLoS One
Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS One
Journal ID (publisher-id): plos
Title:
PLoS ONE
Publisher:
Public Library of Science
(San Francisco, CA USA
)
ISSN
(Electronic):
1932-6203
Publication date
(Electronic):
2
September
2021
Publication date Collection: 2021
Publication date PMC-release: 2
September
2021
Volume: 16
Issue: 9
Electronic Location Identifier: e0257107
Affiliations
[1
]
School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
[2
]
Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Texas A&M University College Station, UNITED STATES
Author notes
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.
Author information
Article
Publisher ID:
PONE-D-21-12208
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257107
PMC ID: 8412346
PubMed ID: 34473809
SO-VID: 7f683757-c33c-4e59-b006-616a0bdc570b
Copyright © © 2021 Sunohara et al
License:
This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the
Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided
the original author and source are credited.
The authors received no specific funding for this work.
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Research Article
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Population Groupings
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Age Groups
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Biology and Life Sciences
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Immunology
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Vaccination and Immunization
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Immunology
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Vaccination and Immunization
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Public and Occupational Health
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Preventive Medicine
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Vaccination and Immunization
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Medical Conditions
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Infectious Diseases
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Infectious Disease Control
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Vaccines
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Social Sciences
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Economics
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Health Economics
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Health Care
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Health Economics
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People and Places
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Geographical Locations
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Asia
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Japan
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Medical Conditions
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Infectious Diseases
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Viral Diseases
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Covid 19
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Epidemiology
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Infectious Disease Epidemiology
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Medicine and Health Sciences
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Medical Conditions
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Infectious Diseases
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Infectious Disease Epidemiology
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Biology and life sciences
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Organisms
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Viruses
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RNA viruses
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Coronaviruses
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SARS coronavirus
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SARS CoV 2
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Biology and life sciences
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Microbiology
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Medical microbiology
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Microbial pathogens
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Viral pathogens
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Coronaviruses
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SARS coronavirus
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SARS CoV 2
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Medicine and health sciences
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Pathology and laboratory medicine
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Pathogens
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Microbial pathogens
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Viral pathogens
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Coronaviruses
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SARS coronavirus
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SARS CoV 2
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Biology and life sciences
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Organisms
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Viruses
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Viral pathogens
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Coronaviruses
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SARS coronavirus
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SARS CoV 2