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      Call for Papers: Green Renal Replacement Therapy: Caring for the Environment

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      Mutation in the tight-junction gene claudin 19 (CLDN19) and familial hypomagnesemia, hypercalciuria, nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) and severe ocular disease.

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          Abstract

          Familial hypomagnesemia with hypercalciuria and nephrocalcinosis (FHHNC) is a rare renal tubular disorder complicated by progressive renal failure during childhood or adolescence. Recently, causative mutations in the CLDN19 gene have been identified in FHHNC patients presenting with severe ocular involvement. The aim of the study was to investigate the molecular genetic defect underlying FHHNC in a consanguineous Pakistani family.

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          Comprehensive statistical study of 452 BRCA1 missense substitutions with classification of eight recurrent substitutions as neutral.

          Genetic testing for hereditary cancer syndromes contributes to the medical management of patients who may be at increased risk of one or more cancers. BRCA1 and BRCA2 testing for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer is one such widely used test. However, clinical testing methods with high sensitivity for deleterious mutations in these genes also detect many unclassified variants, primarily missense substitutions. We developed an extension of the Grantham difference, called A-GVGD, to score missense substitutions against the range of variation present at their position in a multiple sequence alignment. Combining two methods, co-occurrence of unclassified variants with clearly deleterious mutations and A-GVGD, we analysed most of the missense substitutions observed in BRCA1. A-GVGD was able to resolve known neutral and deleterious missense substitutions into distinct sets. Additionally, eight previously unclassified BRCA1 missense substitutions observed in trans with one or more deleterious mutations, and within the cross-species range of variation observed at their position in the protein, are now classified as neutral. The methods combined here can classify as neutral about 50% of missense substitutions that have been observed with two or more clearly deleterious mutations. Furthermore, odds ratios estimated for sets of substitutions grouped by A-GVGD scores are consistent with the hypothesis that most unclassified substitutions that are within the cross-species range of variation at their position in BRCA1 are also neutral. For most of these, clinical reclassification will require integrated application of other methods such as pooled family histories, segregation analysis, or validated functional assay.
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            PANTHER: a browsable database of gene products organized by biological function, using curated protein family and subfamily classification.

            P. Thomas (2003)
            The PANTHER database was designed for high-throughput analysis of protein sequences. One of the key features is a simplified ontology of protein function, which allows browsing of the database by biological functions. Biologist curators have associated the ontology terms with groups of protein sequences rather than individual sequences. Statistical models (Hidden Markov Models, or HMMs) are built from each of these groups. The advantage of this approach is that new sequences can be automatically classified as they become available. To ensure accurate functional classification, HMMs are constructed not only for families, but also for functionally distinct subfamilies. Multiple sequence alignments and phylogenetic trees, including curator-assigned information, are available for each family. The current version of the PANTHER database includes training sequences from all organisms in the GenBank non-redundant protein database, and the HMMs have been used to classify gene products across the entire genomes of human, and Drosophila melanogaster. The ontology terms and protein families and subfamilies, as well as Drosophila gene c;assifications, can be browsed and searched for free. Due to outstanding contractual obligations, access to human gene classifications and to protein family trees and multiple sequence alignments will temporarily require a nominal registration fee. PANTHER is publicly available on the web at http://panther.celera.com.
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              Biology of claudins.

              Claudins are a family of tight junction membrane proteins that regulate paracellular permeability of epithelia, likely by forming the lining of the paracellular pore. Claudins are expressed throughout the renal tubule, and mutations in two claudin genes are now known to cause familial hypercalciuric hypomagnesemia with nephrocalcinosis. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the physiological role of various claudins in normal kidney function, and in understanding the fundamental biology of claudins, including the molecular basis for selectivity of permeation, claudin interactions in tight junction formation, and regulation of claudins by protein kinases and other intracellular signals.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Am. J. Nephrol.
                American journal of nephrology
                1421-9670
                0250-8095
                2011
                : 34
                : 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan. mnaeem@qau.edu.pk
                Article
                000330854
                10.1159/000330854
                21791920
                828264b1-39be-4653-ae51-af3f778f9923
                Copyright © 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel.
                History

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