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      Relation between axial length and ocular parameters.

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      Journal: Ophthalmologica. Journal international d'ophtalmologie. International journal of ophthalmology. Zeitschrift für Augenheilkunde
      Keywords: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, physiology, Anthropometry, Biometry, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological, instrumentation, Eye, anatomy & histology, Female, Humans, Hyperopia, physiopathology, Male, Middle Aged, Myopia, Nerve Fibers, Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Visual Acuity

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          Abstract

          To investigate the relation between axial length (AL) and ocular parameters. Measurements of ocular biometric parameters were performed with an optical biometer, pachymeter, optical coherence tomography, and an automatic refractometer. AL, refractive error (RE), central corneal thickness, anterior chamber depth (ACD), corneal curvature (CC), white-to-white distance (WWD), and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness were measured. AL was evaluated in relation to ocular parameters. The Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was used to statistically evaluate each scattergram. With elongation of the AL, the mean RE (r = -0.790, p < 0.001), CC (r = -0.444, p < 0.001), and RNFL thickness (r = -0.306, p < 0.001) all decreased, while the mean ACD (r = 0.506, p < 0.001) and WWD (r = 0.279, p < 0.001) increased. In shorter eyes, there was a tendency toward hyperopia, a steeper cornea, and a thicker RNFL, and in longer eyes toward myopia, a flatter cornea, and a thinner RNFL. 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel.

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          Determinants of normal retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measured by Stratus OCT.

          Donald L. Budenz, Jonathan Savell, S Greenfield … (2007)
          To determine the effects of age, optic disc area, ethnicity, eye, gender, and axial length on the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in the normal human eye as measured by Stratus OCT (optical coherence tomography). Cross-sectional observational study. Three hundred twenty-eight normal subjects 18 to 85 years old. Peripapillary Fast RNFL scans performed by Stratus OCT with a nominal diameter of 3.46 mm centered on the optic disc were performed on one randomly selected eye of each subject. Linear regression analysis of the effects of age, ethnicity, gender, eye, axial length, and optic disc area on peripapillary RNFL thickness. The mean RNFL thickness for the entire population was 100.1 microm (standard deviation, 11.6). Thinner RNFL measurements were associated with older age (P<0.001); being Caucasian, versus being either Hispanic or Asian (P = 0.006); greater axial length (P<0.001); or smaller optic disc area (P = 0.010). For every decade of increased age, mean RNFL thickness measured thinner by approximately 2.0 microm (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.2-2.8). For every 1-mm-greater axial length, mean RNFL thickness measured thinner by approximately 2.2 microm (95% CI, 1.1-3.4). For every increase in square millimeter of optic disc area, mean RNFL thickness increased by approximately 3.3 microm (95% CI, 0.6-5.6). Comparisons between ethnic groups revealed that Caucasians had mean RNFL values (98.1+/-10.9 microm) slightly thinner than those of Hispanics (103.7+/-11.6 microm; P = 0.022) or Asians (105.8+/-9.2 microm; P = 0.043). There was no relationship between RNFL thickness and eye or gender. Retinal nerve fiber layer thickness, as measured by Stratus OCT, varies significantly with age, ethnicity, axial length, and optic disc area. These variables may need to be taken into account when evaluating patients for diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma, particularly at the lower boundary of the normal range. Due to the relatively small numbers of subjects of Asian and African descent in the normative database, conclusions regarding the effect of ethnicity should be interpreted with caution.
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            Eye shape in emmetropia and myopia.

            N Pritchard, M Pope, David Atchison … (2004)
            To determine axial, vertical, and horizontal eye dimensions in myopic and emmetropic eyes by using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and to relate these to different ocular expansion models of myopia development. The internal length (cornea to retina), height and width (both retina to retina) were measured in emmetropic and myopic eyes (up to -12 D) of 88 participants aged 18 to 36 years. Participants were positioned supine in a clinical MRI scanner. The fixation target was imaged straight ahead of the subject by an overhead 45 degrees inclined mirror. Eye images were acquired with a 7.5-cm receive-only radio frequency surface coil. Axial (horizontal through middle of eye) and sagittal (vertical through visual axis) sections were taken with a T(1)-weighted fast spin-echo sequence. With an increase in myopic refractive correction, myopic eyes became much larger in all three dimensions, but more so in length (0.35 mm/D, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.28-0.40) than in height (0.19 mm/D, 95% CI 0.09-0.29) and more so in height than in width (0.10 mm/D, 95% CI 0.01-0.20). Based on height and length dimensions, 25% and 29% of myopic eyes exclusively fitted global expansion and axial elongation models, respectively. Based on width and length dimensions, 17% and 39% of myopic eyes exclusively fitted the global expansion and axial elongation models, respectively. Although there are considerable individual variations, in general myopic eyes are elongated relative to emmetropic eyes, more in length than in height and even less in width. Approximately a quarter of the myopic participants fitted each of the global expansion or axial elongation model exclusively. The small proportions are due primarily to the large variability in the dimensions of emmetropic eyes.
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              Ethnic differences in the impact of parental myopia: findings from a population-based study of 12-year-old Australian children.

              K. Rose, Dana Robaei, D Morgan … (2007)
              To examine the influences of ethnicity, parental myopia, and near work on spherical equivalent refraction (SER) and axial length (AL) in a population-based sample of 12-year-old Australian children. Year-7 children in the Sydney Myopia Study (n = 2353, 75.3% response) underwent an ophthalmic examination including cycloplegic autorefraction (1% cyclopentolate) and ocular biometry (IOLMaster; Carl Zeiss Meditec GmbH, Jena, Germany). Data for parental myopia, ethnicity, near work, and outdoor activities were derived from questionnaires and were available for 1781 children. Optical prescriptions of parents were sought if the spectacles were used. The prevalence of myopia in the children increased with the number of myopic parents (7.6%, 14.9%, and 43.6% for no, one, or two myopic parents). In parallel, the mean SER (+/-SE of the mean) was more negative (0.70 +/- 0.08, 0.34 +/- 0.09, and -0.55 +/- 0.34 D), and the mean AL was longer (23.32 +/- 0.05, 23.44 +/- 0.06, and 23.62 +/- 0.16 mm) after adjustment for demographic and environmental factors. In multivariate analyses, odds of childhood myopia did not change with higher levels of near work (odds ratio [OR] = 1.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.99-1.03). Interactions between parental myopia and ethnicity were significant for SER and AL (both P < 0.0001), reflecting greater decreases in SER and greater increases in AL with the number of myopic parents in the children of East Asian ethnicity than in the children of European Caucasian ethnicity. In the nonmyopic children, there was no association between parental myopia and AL. In this sample, parental myopia was associated with more myopic SER and longer AL, with significant ethnic interactions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                PubMed ID:: 19864929
                DOI:: 10.1159/000252982

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Keywords: Adult,Aged,Aged, 80 and over,Aging,physiology,Anthropometry,Biometry,Cross-Sectional Studies,Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological,instrumentation,Eye,anatomy & histology,Female,Humans,Hyperopia,physiopathology,Male,Middle Aged,Myopia,Nerve Fibers,Retinal Ganglion Cells,cytology,Tomography, Optical Coherence,Visual Acuity
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                ScienceOpen disciplines: Chemistry
                Keywords: Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, physiology, Anthropometry, Biometry, Cross-Sectional Studies, Diagnostic Techniques, Ophthalmological, instrumentation, Eye, anatomy & histology, Female, Humans, Hyperopia, physiopathology, Male, Middle Aged, Myopia, Nerve Fibers, Retinal Ganglion Cells, cytology, Tomography, Optical Coherence, Visual Acuity

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