Polyglycerolsulfate functionalized gold nanorods as optoacoustic signal nanoamplifiers for in vivo bioimaging of rheumatoid arthritis.

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Abstract

We have synthesized a targeted imaging agent for rheumatoid arthritis based on polysulfated gold nanorods. The CTAB layer on gold nanorods was first replaced with PEG-thiol and then with dendritic polyglycerolsulfate at elevated temperature, which resulted in significantly reduced cytotoxicity compared to polyanionic gold nanorods functionalized by non-covalent approaches. In addition to classical characterization methods, we have established a facile UV-VIS based BaCl2 agglomeration assay to confirm a quantitative removal of unbound ligand. With the help of a competitive surface plasmon resonance-based L-selectin binding assay and a leukocyte adhesion-based flow cell assay, we have demonstrated the high inflammation targeting potential of the synthesized gold nanorods in vitro. In combination with the surface plasmon resonance band of AuNRs at 780 nm, these findings permitted the imaging of inflammation in an in vivo mouse model for rheumatoid arthritis with high contrast using multispectral optoacoustic tomography. The study offers a robust method for otherwise difficult to obtain covalently functionalized polyanionic gold nanorods, which are suitable for biological applications as well as a low-cost, actively targeted, and high contrast imaging agent for the diagnosis of rheumatoid arthritis. This paves the way for further research in other inflammation associated pathologies, in particular, when photothermal therapy can be applied.

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Going deeper than microscopy: the optical imaging frontier in biology.

Vasilis Ntziachristos (2010)

Optical microscopy has been a fundamental tool of biological discovery for more than three centuries, but its in vivo tissue imaging ability has been restricted by light scattering to superficial investigations, even when confocal or multiphoton methods are used. Recent advances in optical and optoacoustic (photoacoustic) imaging now allow imaging at depths and resolutions unprecedented for optical methods. These abilities are increasingly important to understand the dynamic interactions of cellular processes at different systems levels, a major challenge of postgenome biology. This Review discusses promising photonic methods that have the ability to visualize cellular and subcellular components in tissues across different penetration scales. The methods are classified into microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic approaches, according to the tissue depth at which they operate. Key characteristics associated with different imaging implementations are described and the potential of these technologies in biological applications is discussed.

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Gold nanorods: from synthesis and properties to biological and biomedical applications.

Xiaohua Huang, Svetlana Neretina, Mostafa A El-Sayed … (2010)

Noble metal nanoparticles are capable of confining resonant photons in such a manner as to induce coherent surface plasmon oscillation of their conduction band electrons, a phenomenon leading to two important properties. Firstly, the confinement of the photon to the nanoparticle's dimensions leads to a large increase in its electromagnetic field and consequently great enhancement of all the nanoparticle's radiative properties, such as absorption and scattering. Moreover, by confining the photon's wavelength to the nanoparticle's small dimensions, there exists enhanced imaging resolving powers, which extend well below the diffraction limit, a property of considerable importance in potential device applications. Secondly, the strongly absorbed light by the nanoparticles is followed by a rapid dephasing of the coherent electron motion in tandem with an equally rapid energy transfer to the lattice, a process integral to the technologically relevant photothermal properties of plasmonic nanoparticles. Of all the possible nanoparticle shapes, gold nanorods are especially intriguing as they offer strong plasmonic fields while exhibiting excellent tunability and biocompatibility. We begin this review of gold nanorods by summarizing their radiative and nonradiative properties. Their various synthetic methods are then outlined with an emphasis on the seed-mediated chemical growth. In particular, we describe nanorod spontaneous self-assembly, chemically driven assembly, and polymer-based alignment. The final section details current studies aimed at applications in the biological and biomedical fields. Copyright © 2009 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.

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Molecular imaging by means of multispectral optoacoustic tomography (MSOT).

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Author and article information

Journal

Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Theranostics

Title: Theranostics

Publisher: Ivyspring International Publisher

ISSN (Electronic): 1838-7640

ISSN (Print): 1838-7640

Publication date (Electronic): 2014

Volume: 4

Issue: 6

Affiliations

[1 ] 1. Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;

[2 ] 2. Chair for Biological Imaging, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany and Institute for Biological and Medical Imaging, Helmholtz Zentrum München, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany;

[3 ] 3. Research Centre of Electron Microscopy and Core Facility BioSupraMol, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany;

[4 ] 4. Institute of Laboratory Medicine, Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, 13353 Berlin, Germany;

[5 ] 5. mivenion GmbH, 10115 Berlin, Germany;

[6 ] 6. Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, 81675 Munich, Germany.