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      Impact of Human Immunodeficiency Virus on the Burden and Severity of Influenza Illness in Malawian Adults: A Prospective Cohort and Parallel Case-Control Study

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          Abstract

          Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–related immunosuppression is a major risk factor for influenza illness and severity in Malawian adults. Household crowding, food insecurity, and poor sanitation are additional risk factors. Influenza preventive strategies should target HIV-infected adults in Africa.

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          Most cited references34

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          A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis

          Peter Peduzzi, John Concato, Elizabeth Kemper … (1996)
          Article 0 comments Cited 688 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            A simulation study of the number of events per variable in logistic regression analysis.

            P Peduzzi, J Concato, E. Kemper … (1996)
            We performed a Monte Carlo study to evaluate the effect of the number of events per variable (EPV) analyzed in logistic regression analysis. The simulations were based on data from a cardiac trial of 673 patients in which 252 deaths occurred and seven variables were cogent predictors of mortality; the number of events per predictive variable was (252/7 =) 36 for the full sample. For the simulations, at values of EPV = 2, 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25, we randomly generated 500 samples of the 673 patients, chosen with replacement, according to a logistic model derived from the full sample. Simulation results for the regression coefficients for each variable in each group of 500 samples were compared for bias, precision, and significance testing against the results of the model fitted to the original sample. For EPV values of 10 or greater, no major problems occurred. For EPV values less than 10, however, the regression coefficients were biased in both positive and negative directions; the large sample variance estimates from the logistic model both overestimated and underestimated the sample variance of the regression coefficients; the 90% confidence limits about the estimated values did not have proper coverage; the Wald statistic was conservative under the null hypothesis; and paradoxical associations (significance in the wrong direction) were increased. Although other factors (such as the total number of events, or sample size) may influence the validity of the logistic model, our findings indicate that low EPV can lead to major problems.
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              What are we assessing when we measure food security? A compendium and review of current metrics.

              Andrew D Jones, Francis Ngure, Gretel Pelto … (2013)
              The appropriate measurement of food security is critical for targeting food and economic aid; supporting early famine warning and global monitoring systems; evaluating nutrition, health, and development programs; and informing government policy across many sectors. This important work is complicated by the multiple approaches and tools for assessing food security. In response, we have prepared a compendium and review of food security assessment tools in which we review issues of terminology, measurement, and validation. We begin by describing the evolving definition of food security and use this discussion to frame a review of the current landscape of measurement tools available for assessing food security. We critically assess the purpose/s of these tools, the domains of food security assessed by each, the conceptualizations of food security that underpin each metric, as well as the approaches that have been used to validate these metrics. Specifically, we describe measurement tools that 1) provide national-level estimates of food security, 2) inform global monitoring and early warning systems, 3) assess household food access and acquisition, and 4) measure food consumption and utilization. After describing a number of outstanding measurement challenges that might be addressed in future research, we conclude by offering suggestions to guide the selection of appropriate food security metrics.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Title: Clinical Infectious Diseases
                Publisher: Oxford University Press (OUP)
                ISSN (Print): 1058-4838
                ISSN (Electronic): 1537-6591
                Publication date Created: March 15 2018
                Publication date Created: March 05 2018
                Publication date Created: October 16 2017
                Publication date Other: March 15 2018
                Publication date (Print): March 05 2018
                Publication date (Electronic): October 16 2017
                Volume: 66
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 865-876
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, United Kingdom
                [2 ]Malawi-Liverpool-Wellcome Trust Clinical Research Programme, Blantyre, Malawi
                [3 ]Liverpool School of Tropical of Medicine, United Kingdom
                [4 ]Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre, Malawi
                [5 ]College of Medicine, University of Malawi, Blantyre, Malawi
                [6 ]University College London, United Kingdom
                Article
                DOI: 10.1093/cid/cix903
                SO-VID: 1a31d082-b1a1-4c1c-8c50-fe54c51c8fd3
                Copyright © © 2017
                License:

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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