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      The Potential Use of Actinomycetes as Microbial Inoculants and Biopesticides in Agriculture

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      Frontiers in Soil Science
      Frontiers Media SA

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          Abstract

          The use of fertilizers and chemical pesticides promotes significant improvements in crop development, but some problems and risks associated with them limit their application. An alternative is using biological inputs based on microorganisms, increasing production while combining efficiency and sustainability. Actinomycetes are a group of bacteria belonging to the phylum Actinobacteria, recently re-named Actinobacteriota. They represent important microbial communities in the soils with increasing agricultural applications, especially in the biological control of insect-pest and plant disease and in plant growth promotion. Studies report their promising use as microbiological inoculants by exploring mechanisms to improve plant development, such as biological nitrogen fixation, phosphate solubilization, production of phytohormones, and other biocompounds. In addition, many species produce metabolic pathways that generate high-value antibiotics, extracellular enzymes and secondary metabolites other than antimicrobials, with potential in the control of phytopathogenic fungi, insects, and nematodes. These actinomycetes could be used to formulate novel bioinoculants composed of spores and/or mycelium. Considering that the research in this field is up-and-coming, with significant economic and environmental impacts in the future, this review aims to group the most relevant works that explore the biodiversity of actinomycetes, helping to develop inoculants and biodefensives for more productive and conscious agriculture.

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          Antibiotics: past, present and future

          The first antibiotic, salvarsan, was deployed in 1910. In just over 100 years antibiotics have drastically changed modern medicine and extended the average human lifespan by 23 years. The discovery of penicillin in 1928 started the golden age of natural product antibiotic discovery that peaked in the mid-1950s. Since then, a gradual decline in antibiotic discovery and development and the evolution of drug resistance in many human pathogens has led to the current antimicrobial resistance crisis. Here we give an overview of the history of antibiotic discovery, the major classes of antibiotics and where they come from. We argue that the future of antibiotic discovery looks bright as new technologies such as genome mining and editing are deployed to discover new natural products with diverse bioactivities. We also report on the current state of antibiotic development, with 45 drugs currently going through the clinical trials pipeline, including several new classes with novel modes of action that are in phase 3 clinical trials. Overall, there are promising signs for antibiotic discovery, but changes in financial models are required to translate scientific advances into clinically approved antibiotics.
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            Taxonomy, Physiology, and Natural Products of Actinobacteria.

            Actinobacteria are Gram-positive bacteria with high G+C DNA content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Many Actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. They also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal compounds. Consequently, these bacteria are of major importance for biotechnology, medicine, and agriculture. Actinobacteria play diverse roles in their associations with various higher organisms, since their members have adopted different lifestyles, and the phylum includes pathogens (notably, species of Corynebacterium, Mycobacterium, Nocardia, Propionibacterium, and Tropheryma), soil inhabitants (e.g., Micromonospora and Streptomyces species), plant commensals (e.g., Frankia spp.), and gastrointestinal commensals (Bifidobacterium spp.). Actinobacteria also play an important role as symbionts and as pathogens in plant-associated microbial communities. This review presents an update on the biology of this important bacterial phylum.
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              Root exudation and rhizosphere biology.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Frontiers in Soil Science
                Front. Soil Sci.
                Frontiers Media SA
                2673-8619
                February 21 2022
                February 21 2022
                : 2
                Article
                10.3389/fsoil.2022.833181
                d866fc11-f922-4ad2-9a72-6ceda44ef334
                © 2022

                Free to read

                https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

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