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      Carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet.

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          Abstract

          To estimate the carbon footprint of the Brazilian diet and of sociodemographic strata of this population.

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          Global diets link environmental sustainability and human health.

          David Tilman, Michael P Clark (2014)
          Diets link environmental and human health. Rising incomes and urbanization are driving a global dietary transition in which traditional diets are replaced by diets higher in refined sugars, refined fats, oils and meats. By 2050 these dietary trends, if unchecked, would be a major contributor to an estimated 80 per cent increase in global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions from food production and to global land clearing. Moreover, these dietary shifts are greatly increasing the incidence of type II diabetes, coronary heart disease and other chronic non-communicable diseases that lower global life expectancies. Alternative diets that offer substantial health benefits could, if widely adopted, reduce global agricultural greenhouse gas emissions, reduce land clearing and resultant species extinctions, and help prevent such diet-related chronic non-communicable diseases. The implementation of dietary solutions to the tightly linked diet-environment-health trilemma is a global challenge, and opportunity, of great environmental and public health importance.
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            Systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions for different fresh food categories

            Karli Verghese, Enda Crossin, Stephen Clune (2017)
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              Toward a life cycle-based, diet-level framework for food environmental impact and nutritional quality assessment: a critical review.

              Martin Heller, Gregory A Keoleian, Walter C. Willett (2013)
              Supplying adequate human nutrition within ecosystem carrying capacities is a key element in the global environmental sustainability challenge. Life cycle assessment (LCA) has been used effectively to evaluate the environmental impacts of food production value chains and to identify opportunities for targeted improvement strategies. Dietary choices and resulting consumption patterns are the drivers of production, however, and a consumption-oriented life cycle perspective is useful in understanding the environmental implications of diet choices. This review identifies 32 studies that use an LCA framework to evaluate the environmental impact of diets or meals. It highlights the state of the art, emerging methodological trends and current challenges and limitations to such diet-level LCA studies. A wide range of bases for analysis and comparison (i.e., functional units) have been employed in LCAs of foods and diet; we conceptually map appropriate functional unit choices to research aims and scope and argue for a need to move in the direction of a more sophisticated and comprehensive nutritional basis in order to link nutritional health and environmental objectives. Nutritional quality indices are reviewed as potential approaches, but refinement through ongoing collaborative research between environmental and nutritional sciences is necessary. Additional research needs include development of regionally specific life cycle inventory databases for food and agriculture and expansion of the scope of assessments beyond the current focus on greenhouse gas emissions.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Rev Saude Publica
                Title: Revista de saude publica
                Publisher: Universidade de São Paulo. Agência de Bibliotecas e Coleções Digitais
                ISSN (Electronic): 1518-8787
                ISSN (Print): 0034-8910
                Publication date (Electronic): 2021
                Volume: 55
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Universidade de São Paulo. Núcleo de Pesquisas Epidemiológicas em Nutrição e Saúde. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
                [2 ] Deakin University. Institute for Physical Activity and Nutrition. Melbourne, Austrália.
                [3 ] Universidade de São Paulo. Faculdade de Medicina. Departamento de Medicina Preventiva. São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: S0034-89102021000100280
                DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055003614
                PMC ID: 8621484
                PubMed ID: 34910024
                SO-VID: 1a7e4e3c-7728-458b-8607-9cfc8a831f59
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