Progress toward the development of a microchip electrophoresis separation-based sensor with electrochemical detection for on-line in vivo monitoring of catecholamines

Abstract

The development of a separation-based sensor for catecholamines based on microdialysis (MD) coupled to microchip electrophoresis (ME) with electrochemical (EC) detection is described. The device consists of a pyrolyzed photoresist film working electrode and a poly(dimethylsiloxane) microchip with a flow-gated sample injection interface. The chip was partially reversibly sealed to the glass substrate by selectively exposing only the top section of the chip to plasma. This partially reversible chip/electrode integration process not only allows the reuse of the working electrode but also greatly enhanced the reproducibility of electrode alignment with the separation channel. The developed MD-ME-EC system was then tested using L-DOPA, 3-O-MD, HVA, DOPAC, and dopamine standards, which were separated in less than 100 seconds using a background electrolyte consisting of 15 mM sodium phosphate (pH 7.4), 15 mM sodium dodecyl sulphate, and 2.5 mM boric acid. A potential of +1.0 V vs. Ag/AgCl was used for amperometric detection of the analytes. The device was evaluated for on-line monitoring of the conversion of L-DOPA to dopamine in vitro and for monitoring dopamine release in an anesthetized rat in vivo following high K ⁺ stimulation. The system was able to detect stimulated dopamine release in vivo but not endogenous levels of dopamine.

Graphical Abstract

Development of an easily fabricated MD-ME-EC set up for continuous on-line in vivo monitoring of neuroactive compounds in rat brain including dopamine.