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      Rethinking HIV prevention to prepare for oral PrEP implementation for young African women.

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          Abstract

          HIV incidence remains high among young women in sub-Saharan Africa in spite of scale-up of HIV testing, behavioural interventions, antiretroviral treatment and medical male circumcision. There is a critical need to critique past approaches and learn about the most effective implementation of evidence-based HIV prevention strategies, particularly emerging interventions such as pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP).

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          Golden Eggs and Hyperbolic Discounting

          D. Laibson (1997)
          Article 0 comments Cited 626 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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            Poverty impedes cognitive function.

            Anandi Mani, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir … (2013)
            The poor often behave in less capable ways, which can further perpetuate poverty. We hypothesize that poverty directly impedes cognitive function and present two studies that test this hypothesis. First, we experimentally induced thoughts about finances and found that this reduces cognitive performance among poor but not in well-off participants. Second, we examined the cognitive function of farmers over the planting cycle. We found that the same farmer shows diminished cognitive performance before harvest, when poor, as compared with after harvest, when rich. This cannot be explained by differences in time available, nutrition, or work effort. Nor can it be explained with stress: Although farmers do show more stress before harvest, that does not account for diminished cognitive performance. Instead, it appears that poverty itself reduces cognitive capacity. We suggest that this is because poverty-related concerns consume mental resources, leaving less for other tasks. These data provide a previously unexamined perspective and help explain a spectrum of behaviors among the poor. We discuss some implications for poverty policy.
            Article 0 comments Cited 542 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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              Some consequences of having too little.

              Anuj K Shah, Sendhil Mullainathan, Eldar Shafir (2012)
              Poor individuals often engage in behaviors, such as excessive borrowing, that reinforce the conditions of poverty. Some explanations for these behaviors focus on personality traits of the poor. Others emphasize environmental factors such as housing or financial access. We instead consider how certain behaviors stem simply from having less. We suggest that scarcity changes how people allocate attention: It leads them to engage more deeply in some problems while neglecting others. Across several experiments, we show that scarcity leads to attentional shifts that can help to explain behaviors such as overborrowing. We discuss how this mechanism might also explain other puzzles of poverty.
              Article 0 comments Cited 290 times – based on 0 reviews     Review now
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J Int AIDS Soc
                Title: Journal of the International AIDS Society
                Publisher: International AIDS Society
                ISSN (Electronic): 1758-2652
                ISSN (Print): 1758-2652
                Publication date (Electronic): 2015
                Volume: 18
                Issue: 4 Suppl 3
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Global Health, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
                [2 ] Department of Medicine, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
                [3 ] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA; ccelum@uw.edu.
                [4 ] Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.
                [5 ] Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health Boston, MA, USA.
                [6 ] Human Sciences Research Council, Durban, South Africa.
                [7 ] The Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa.
                [8 ] College of Nursing, New York University New York, NY, USA.
                [9 ] Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya.
                [10 ] Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington Seattle, WA, USA.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: 20227
                DOI: 10.7448/IAS.18.4.20227
                PMC ID: 4509892
                PubMed ID: 26198350
                SO-VID: 157ef523-c796-4b38-9d15-8b7fb9687ab0
                History

                Keywords: Africa,HIV,pre-exposure prophylaxis,prevention,women
                Data availability:
                Keywords: Africa, HIV, pre-exposure prophylaxis, prevention, women

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