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      Real-time FMRI neurofeedback training of amygdala activity in patients with major depressive disorder.

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          Abstract

          Amygdala hemodynamic responses to positive stimuli are attenuated in major depressive disorder (MDD), and normalize with remission. Real-time functional MRI neurofeedback (rtfMRI-nf) offers a non-invasive method to modulate this regional activity. We examined whether depressed participants can use rtfMRI-nf to enhance amygdala responses to positive autobiographical memories, and whether this ability alters symptom severity.

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          Cognitive and emotional influences in anterior cingulate cortex.

          Bush, Luu, Posner (2000)
          Anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is a part of the brain's limbic system. Classically, this region has been related to affect, on the basis of lesion studies in humans and in animals. In the late 1980s, neuroimaging research indicated that ACC was active in many studies of cognition. The findings from EEG studies of a focal area of negativity in scalp electrodes following an error response led to the idea that ACC might be the brain's error detection and correction device. In this article, these various findings are reviewed in relation to the idea that ACC is a part of a circuit involved in a form of attention that serves to regulate both cognitive and emotional processing. Neuroimaging studies showing that separate areas of ACC are involved in cognition and emotion are discussed and related to results showing that the error negativity is influenced by affect and motivation. In addition, the development of the emotional and cognitive roles of ACC are discussed, and how the success of this regulation in controlling responses might be correlated with cingulate size. Finally, some theories are considered about how the different subdivisions of ACC might interact with other cortical structures as a part of the circuits involved in the regulation of mental and emotional activity.
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            Subcortical and cortical brain activity during the feeling of self-generated emotions.

            A Damasio, T Grabowski, A Bechara … (2000)
            In a series of [15O]PET experiments aimed at investigating the neural basis of emotion and feeling, 41 normal subjects recalled and re-experienced personal life episodes marked by sadness, happiness, anger or fear. We tested the hypothesis that the process of feeling emotions requires the participation of brain regions, such as the somatosensory cortices and the upper brainstem nuclei, that are involved in the mapping and/or regulation of internal organism states. Such areas were indeed engaged, underscoring the close relationship between emotion and homeostasis. The findings also lend support to the idea that the subjective process of feeling emotions is partly grounded in dynamic neural maps, which represent several aspects of the organism's continuously changing internal state.
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              The functional neuroanatomy of autobiographical memory: a meta-analysis.

              Eva Svoboda, Margaret McKinnon, Brian Levine (2006)
              Autobiographical memory (AM) entails a complex set of operations, including episodic memory, self-reflection, emotion, visual imagery, attention, executive functions, and semantic processes. The heterogeneous nature of AM poses significant challenges in capturing its behavioral and neuroanatomical correlates. Investigators have recently turned their attention to the functional neuroanatomy of AM. We used the effect-location method of meta-analysis to analyze data from 24 functional imaging studies of AM. The results indicated a core neural network of left-lateralized regions, including the medial and ventrolateral prefrontal, medial and lateral temporal and retrosplenial/posterior cingulate cortices, the temporoparietal junction and the cerebellum. Secondary and tertiary regions, less frequently reported in imaging studies of AM, are also identified. We examined the neural correlates of putative component processes in AM, including, executive functions, self-reflection, episodic remembering and visuospatial processing. We also separately analyzed the effect of select variables on the AM network across individual studies, including memory age, qualitative factors (personal significance, level of detail and vividness), semantic and emotional content, and the effect of reference conditions. We found that memory age effects on medial temporal lobe structures may be modulated by qualitative aspects of memory. Studies using rest as a control task masked process-specific components of the AM neural network. Our findings support a neural distinction between episodic and semantic memory in AM. Finally, emotional events produced a shift in lateralization of the AM network with activation observed in emotion-centered regions and deactivation (or lack of activation) observed in regions associated with cognitive processes.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): PLoS ONE
                Title: PloS one
                Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
                ISSN (Electronic): 1932-6203
                ISSN (Print): 1932-6203
                Publication date (Electronic): 2014
                Volume: 9
                Issue: 2
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America.
                [2 ] Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America ; Janssen Pharmaceuticals, LCC, of Johnson & Johnson, Inc., Titusville, New Jersey, United States of America.
                [3 ] Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, Oklahoma, United States of America ; Center for Biomedical Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America ; College of Engineering, The University of Oklahoma, Norman, Oklahoma, United States of America.
                Article
                Publisher Item ID: PONE-D-13-38101
                DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0088785
                PMC ID: 3921228
                PubMed ID: 24523939
                SO-VID: ecf9afc8-b429-458b-8f11-9b3b54748a81
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