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      Immunohistochemical studies for the neuronal elements in the vomeronasal organ of the one-humped camel

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          Abstract

          The neuronal elements of the vomeronasal organ (VNO) of camel were investigated immunohistochemically. PGP 9.5 labeled the receptor cells in the vomeronasal sensory epithelium, but not the supporting or basal cells. OMP stained some receptor cells, but no immunoreactive signals for OMP were detected in the non-sensory epithelium. PLCβ2 labeled scattered cells in the sensory epithelium and a larger number of cells in the non-sensory epithelium. Double labeling immunohistochemistry revealed that the PLCβ2-positive cells were surrounded by substance P-positive nerve fibers. Collectively, these data suggest that the camel VNO bears, in addition to the mature vomeronasal receptor cells, trigeminally-innervated solitary chemosensory cells which are expected to play a substantial role in the control of stimulus access to the VNO.

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          Nasal chemosensory cells use bitter taste signaling to detect irritants and bacterial signals.

          Mary W. Silver, Sue Kinnamon, Brian Gulbransen … (2010)
          The upper respiratory tract is continually assaulted with harmful dusts and xenobiotics carried on the incoming airstream. Detection of such irritants by the trigeminal nerve evokes protective reflexes, including sneezing, apnea, and local neurogenic inflammation of the mucosa. Although free intra-epithelial nerve endings can detect certain lipophilic irritants (e.g., mints, ammonia), the epithelium also houses a population of trigeminally innervated solitary chemosensory cells (SCCs) that express T2R bitter taste receptors along with their downstream signaling components. These SCCs have been postulated to enhance the chemoresponsive capabilities of the trigeminal irritant-detection system. Here we show that transduction by the intranasal solitary chemosensory cells is necessary to evoke trigeminally mediated reflex reactions to some irritants including acyl-homoserine lactone bacterial quorum-sensing molecules, which activate the downstream signaling effectors associated with bitter taste transduction. Isolated nasal chemosensory cells respond to the classic bitter ligand denatonium as well as to the bacterial signals by increasing intracellular Ca(2+). Furthermore, these same substances evoke changes in respiration indicative of trigeminal activation. Genetic ablation of either G alpha-gustducin or TrpM5, essential elements of the T2R transduction cascade, eliminates the trigeminal response. Because acyl-homoserine lactones serve as quorum-sensing molecules for gram-negative pathogenic bacteria, detection of these substances by airway chemoreceptors offers a means by which the airway epithelium may trigger an epithelial inflammatory response before the bacteria reach population densities capable of forming destructive biofilms.
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            Structure and function of the vomeronasal system: an update.

            M. Halpern (2003)
            Several developments during the past 15 years have profoundly affected our understanding of the vomeronasal system (VNS) of vertebrates. In the mid 1990s, the vomeronasal epithelium of mammals was found to contain two populations of receptor cells, based on their expression of G-proteins. These two populations of neurons were subsequently found to project their axons to different parts of the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), forming the basis of segregated pathways with possibly heterogeneous functions. A related discovery was the cloning of members of at least two gene families of putative vomeronasal G-protein-coupled receptors (GPRs) in the vomeronasal epithelium. Ligand binding to these receptors was found to activate a phospholipase C (PLC)-dependent signal transduction pathway that primarily involves an increase in intracellular inositol-tris-phosphate and intracellular calcium. In contrast to what was previously believed, neuron replacement in the vomeronasal epithelium appears to occur through a process of vertical migration in most mammals. New anatomical studies of the central pathways of the olfactory and vomeronasal systems indicated that these two systems converge on neurons in the telencephalon, providing an anatomical substrate for functional interactions. Combined anatomical, physiological and behavioral studies in mice provided new information that furthered our understanding of one of the most striking pheromonal phenomena, the Bruce effect. Finally, contrary to prior observations, new anatomical studies indicated that a vomeronasal organ (VNO) was present in human adults and reports were published indicating that this system might be functional. These latter observations are still controversial and require confirmation from independent laboratories.
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              From pheromones to behavior.

              Roberto Tirindelli, Simone Pifferi, Anna Menini … (2009)
              In recent years, considerable progress has been achieved in the comprehension of the profound effects of pheromones on reproductive physiology and behavior. Pheromones have been classified as molecules released by individuals and responsible for the elicitation of specific behavioral expressions in members of the same species. These signaling molecules, often chemically unrelated, are contained in body fluids like urine, sweat, specialized exocrine glands, and mucous secretions of genitals. The standard view of pheromone sensing was based on the assumption that most mammals have two separated olfactory systems with different functional roles: the main olfactory system for recognizing conventional odorant molecules and the vomeronasal system specifically dedicated to the detection of pheromones. However, recent studies have reexamined this traditional interpretation showing that both the main olfactory and the vomeronasal systems are actively involved in pheromonal communication. The current knowledge on the behavioral, physiological, and molecular aspects of pheromone detection in mammals is discussed in this review.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Vet Med Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): J. Vet. Med. Sci
                Journal ID (publisher-id): JVMS
                Title: The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science
                Publisher: The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                ISSN (Print): 0916-7250
                ISSN (Electronic): 1347-7439
                Publication date (Electronic): 16 October 2014
                Publication date (Print): February 2015
                Volume: 77
                Issue: 2
                Pages: 241-245
                Affiliations
                [1) ]United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1–1 Yanagido, Gifu, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
                [2) ]Department of Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
                [3) ]Department of Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
                [4) ]Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, School of Veterinary Medicine, Kitasato University, 23–35–1 Higashi, Towada, Aomori 034-8628, Japan
                [5) ]Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
                [6) ]Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
                Author notes
                [* ]Correspondence to: Nakamuta, N., Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University, 3–18–8 Ueda, Morioka, Iwate 020-8550, Japan. e-mail: nakamuta@ 123456iwate-u.ac.jp
                Article
                Publisher ID: 14-0424
                DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0424
                PMC ID: 4363031
                PubMed ID: 25319516
                SO-VID: 00798020-2de3-4810-a76a-64faffb0df9c
                Copyright © ©2015 The Japanese Society of Veterinary Science
                License:

                This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial No Derivatives (by-nc-nd) License.

                History
                Date received : 19 August 2014
                Date accepted : 01 October 2014
                Categories
                Subject: Anatomy
                Subject: Note

                Keywords: olfactory system,omp,pgp 9.5,plcβ2,sccs
                Data availability:
                Keywords: olfactory system, omp, pgp 9.5, plcβ2, sccs

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