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      A new giant Pristimantis (Anura, Craugastoridae) from the paramos of the Podocarpus National Park, southern Ecuador

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          Abstract

          Abstract

          A new species of frog of the genus Pristimantis is described from the paramos of the Nudo de Cajanuma, Podocarpus National Park, on the border between the provinces of Loja and Zamora-Chinchipe, Ecuador. The new species is readily distinguished from all other species of Pristimantis by its large body size (snout-vent length: 50.0–50.5 mm in adult females, 34.7–42.5 mm in adult males), thick glandular skin, large warts on flanks, prominent glandular patches on head and legs, and dark brown dorsum. This new species is among the largest and stoutest Pristimantis frogs of the high Andes. It is only known from its type locality, where it occurs in paramo bambusoid meadows at elevations between 3300 and 3400 m. It is morphologically similar to Pristimantis erythros , P. farisorum , P. obmutescens , P. orcesi , P. racemus , P. simoterus , P. simoteriscus , and P. thymelensis . Notorious morphological characters present in this new species are thick glandular patches covering dorsum and limbs and porous skin texture, which are shared with P. erythros .

          Translated abstract

          Resumen

          Describimos una nueva especie de rana del género Pristimantis de los páramos del Nudo de Cajanuma, Parque Nacional Podocarpus, en el límite entre las provincias de Loja y Zamora-Chinchipe. La nueva especie se diferencia de otras especies de Pristimantis por su gran tamaño corporal (longitud rostro-cloacal: 50,0–50,5 mm en hembras adultas, 34,7–42,5 mm en machos adultos), piel glandular y gruesa, verrugas grandes en los flancos del cuerpo, prominentes parches glandulares en la cabeza y patas, y dorso café oscuro. Esta nueva especie está entre las ranas Pristimantis más grandes y fornidas de los altos Andes. Solo se conoce de su localidad tipo, donde habita en herbazales bambusoides de páramo a elevaciones entre 3300 y 3400 m. Es morfológicamente similar a Pristimantis erythros , P. farisorum , P. obmutescens , P. orcesi , P. racemus , P. simoterus , P. simoteriscus , y P. thymelensis . Características morfológicas notorias en esta nueva especie son los parches glandulares gruesos que cubren el dorso y las patas y la textura de la piel porosa, las cuales son compartidas con P. erythros .

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          Patterns of advertisement call evolution in toads and chorus frogs

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            Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria

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              Molecular systematics of terraranas (Anura: Brachycephaloidea) with an assessment of the effects of alignment and optimality criteria.

              Brachycephaloidea is a monophyletic group of frogs with more than 1000 species distributed throughout the New World tropics, subtropics, and Andean regions. Recently, the group has been the target of multiple molecular phylogenetic analyses, resulting in extensive changes in its taxonomy. Here, we test previous hypotheses of phylogenetic relationships for the group by combining available molecular evidence (sequences of 22 genes representing 431 ingroup and 25 outgroup terminals) and performing a tree-alignment analysis under the parsimony optimality criterion using the program POY. To elucidate the effects of alignment and optimality criterion on phylogenetic inferences, we also used the program MAFFT to obtain a similarity-alignment for analysis under both parsimony and maximum likelihood using the programs TNT and GARLI, respectively. Although all three analytical approaches agreed on numerous points, there was also extensive disagreement. Tree-alignment under parsimony supported the monophyly of the ingroup and the sister group relationship of the monophyletic marsupial frogs (Hemiphractidae), while maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of the MAFFT similarity-alignment did not. All three methods differed with respect to the position of Ceuthomantis smaragdinus (Ceuthomantidae), with tree-alignment using parsimony recovering this species as the sister of Pristimantis + Yunganastes. All analyses rejected the monophyly of Strabomantidae and Strabomantinae as originally defined, and the tree-alignment analysis under parsimony further rejected the recently redefined Craugastoridae and Pristimantinae. Despite the greater emphasis in the systematics literature placed on the choice of optimality criterion for evaluating trees than on the choice of method for aligning DNA sequences, we found that the topological differences attributable to the alignment method were as great as those caused by the optimality criterion. Further, the optimal tree-alignment indicates that insertions and deletions occurred in twice as many aligned positions as implied by the optimal similarity-alignment, confirming previous findings that sequence turnover through insertion and deletion events plays a greater role in molecular evolution than indicated by similarity-alignments. Our results also provide a clear empirical demonstration of the different effects of wildcard taxa produced by missing data in parsimony and maximum likelihood analyses. Specifically, maximum likelihood analyses consistently (81% bootstrap frequency) provided spurious resolution despite a lack of evidence, whereas parsimony correctly depicted the ambiguity due to missing data by collapsing unsupported nodes. We provide a new taxonomy for the group that retains previously recognized Linnaean taxa except for Ceuthomantidae, Strabomantidae, and Strabomantinae. A phenotypically diagnosable superfamily is recognized formally as Brachycephaloidea, with the informal, unranked name terrarana retained as the standard common name for these frogs. We recognize three families within Brachycephaloidea that are currently diagnosable solely on molecular grounds (Brachycephalidae, Craugastoridae, and Eleutherodactylidae), as well as five subfamilies (Craugastorinae, Eleutherodactylinae, Holoadeninae, Phyzelaphryninae, and Pristimantinae) corresponding in large part to previous families and subfamilies. Our analyses upheld the monophyly of all tested genera, but we found numerous subgeneric taxa to be non-monophyletic and modified the taxonomy accordingly.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Journal
                Zookeys
                Zookeys
                2
                urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:45048d35-bb1d-5ce8-9668-537e44bd4c7e
                urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:91BD42D4-90F1-4B45-9350-EEF175B1727A
                ZooKeys
                Pensoft Publishers
                1313-2989
                1313-2970
                2019
                05 June 2019
                : 852
                : 137-156
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad, Unidad de Investigación, Casilla 17-07-8976, Quito, Ecuador Unidad de Investigación Quito Ecuador
                [2 ] Universidad Nacional de Loja, Loja, Ecuador Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador Quito Ecuador
                [3 ] Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ, Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Laboratorio de Zoología Terrestre y Museo de Zoología, Quito 170901, Ecuador Universidad Nacional de Loja Loja Ecuador
                [4 ] Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador, Escuela de Biología, Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Quito, Ecuador Ministerio del Ambiente, Dirección Nacional de Biodiversidad Quito Ecuador
                [5 ] King’s College London, Department of Geography, Strand, London, UK Universidad San Francisco de Quito USFQ Quito Ecuador
                [6 ] Ministerio del Ambiente, Dirección Nacional de Biodiversidad, Quito, Ecuador King’s College London London United Kingdom
                Author notes
                Corresponding author: Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia ( diego.cisnerosheredia@ 123456gmail.com ), Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz ( mario.yanez@ 123456biodiversidad.gob.ec )

                Academic editor: A. Crottini

                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6132-2738
                Article
                24557 urn:lsid:arphahub.com:pub:b3d23dd5-c269-5b44-9fa8-9538d70e63cb urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:B2327E50-35B8-4663-A5ED-07B07740BEB5
                10.3897/zookeys.852.24557
                6561996
                00b716a9-b6f4-430f-b792-abfbac4812c1
                Mario H. Yánez-Muñoz, David Veintimilla-Yánez, Diego Batallas, Diego F. Cisneros-Heredia

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY 4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 February 2018
                : 09 April 2019
                Funding
                Universidad Nacional de Loja, Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad (INABIO), Universidad San Francisco de Quito and Museo de Zoología QCAZ
                Categories
                Research Article
                Craugastoridae
                Taxonomy
                Andes
                Ecuador

                Animal science & Zoology
                amphibia ,andes,cajanuma, craugastoridae ,loja,new species,paramo, pristimantis ,taxonomy,zamora-chinchipe,amphibia,nueva especie,páramo,taxonomía,animalia,anura,craugastoridae

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