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      Abundance of Harpy and Crested Eagles from a reservoir-impact area in the Low- and Mid-Xingu River Translated title: Abundância de Gavião-real e Gavião-real falso numa área sob impacto de reservatório no Baixo e Médio rio Xingu

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          Abstract

          Abstract In the Brazilian Amazon, two monospecific genera, the Harpy Eagle and Crested Eagle have low densities and are classified by IUCN as Near Threatened due to habitat loss, deforestation, habitat degradation and hunting. In this study, we evaluate occurrence of these large raptors using the environmental surveys database from Belo Monte Hydroelectric Power Plant. Integrating the dataset from two methods, we plotted a distribution map along the Xingu River, including records over a 276-km stretch of river. Terrestrial surveys (RAPELD method) were more efficient for detecting large raptors than standardized aquatic surveys, although the latter were complementary in areas without modules. About 53% of the records were obtained during activities of wildlife rescue/flushing, vegetation suppression or in transit. Between 2012 and 2014, four Harpy Eagles were removed from the wild; two shooting victims, one injured by collision with power lines and one hit by a vehicle. Also, seven nests were mapped. The mean distance between Harpy Eagle records was 15 km along the river channel, with a mean of 20 km between nests near the channel, which allowed us to estimate 20 possible pairs using the alluvial forest, riverine forest and forest fragments. Territories of another ten pairs will probably be affected by inundation of the Volta Grande channel, which is far from the main river. The average distance between Crested Eagle records was 16 km along the river channel. The only nest found was 1.3 km away from a Harpy Eagle nest. The remnant forests are under threat of being replaced by cattle pastures, so we recommend that permanently protected riparian vegetation borders (APP) be guaranteed, and that forest fragments within 5 km of the river be conserved to maintain eagle populations.

          Translated abstract

          Resumo Na Amazônia brasileira dois gêneros mono-específicos, Harpia e Morphnus, caracterizam-se por baixa densidade e estão classificados pelo IUCN como Quase Ameaçados, porém ocorrem sobre grande parte do território nacional, suas principais ameaças são a fragmentação florestal, a degradação de hábitat e a caça. Neste estudo avaliamos a abundância destas duas grandes aves de rapina utilizando a base de dados dos programas ambientais da UHE Belo Monte, integrando-se dois métodos para construir um mapa de distribuição ao longo de 245 km do rio Xingu. Os levantamentos terrestres pelo método RAPELD mostraram-se mais eficientes para os registros de grandes águias quando comparado aos esforços padronizados aquáticos, entretanto estes foram complementares na ausência de módulos. Cinquenta e tres por cento foram registros ocasionais durante a supressão da vegetação, afugentamento ou deslocamento. Entre 2012-2014 quatro harpias foram removidas da natureza, dois indivíduos alvo de disparos, uma por colisão com rede elétrica, e outra por atropelamento. Sete ninhos mapeados, a distância média entre os registros de harpia na calha e margens do rio foi de 15 km, 20 km distância média entre ninhos, o que permitiu estimar um total de 20 casais utilizando as florestas aluviais em uma distancia de 270 km, incluindo matas ciliares e os fragmentos fora da margem do rio. Estimamos que territórios de outros 10 casais usando a Volta Grande longe do rio principal também serão afetados pela inundação. A distância média entre os registros de Morphnus foi 16 km ao longo do rio, o único ninho mapeado estava distante 1.3 km do ninho de Harpia. Estes fragmentos florestais estão sendo substituídos por pastagens, ressaltando-se a importância da manutenção das áreas de preservação permanentes (APP) e a proteção destes fragmentos em diversos formatos de áreas de proteção, para diminuir a degradação dos mesmos e garantir a manutenção das populações destes grandes predadores na região do rio Xingu.

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          Most cited references68

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          Dams in the Amazon: Belo Monte and Brazil's hydroelectric development of the Xingu River Basin.

          Hydroelectric dams represent major investments and major sources of environmental and social impacts. Powerful forces surround the decision-making process on public investments in the various options for the generation and conservation of electricity. Brazil's proposed Belo Monte Dam (formerly Kararaô) and its upstream counterpart, the Altamira Dam (better known by its former name of Babaquara) are at the center of controversies on the decision-making process for major infrastructure projects in Amazonia. The Belo Monte Dam by itself would have a small reservoir area (440 km2) and large installed capacity (11, 181.3 MW), but the Altamira/Babaquara Dam that would regulate the flow of the Xingu River (thereby increasing power generation at Belo Monte) would flood a vast area (6140 km2). The great impact of dams provides a powerful reason for Brazil to reassess its current policies that allocate large amounts of energy in the country's national grid to subsidized aluminum smelting for export. The case of Belo Monte and the five additional dams planned upstream (including the Altamira/Babaquara Dam) indicate the need for Brazil to reform its environmental assessment and licensing system to include the impacts of multiple interdependent projects.
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            IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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              Food Habits of the Harpy Eagle, a Top Predator from the Amazonian Rainforest Canopy

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                bjb
                Brazilian Journal of Biology
                Braz. J. Biol.
                Instituto Internacional de Ecologia (São Carlos, SP, Brazil )
                1519-6984
                1678-4375
                August 2015
                : 75
                : 3 suppl 1
                : 190-204
                Affiliations
                [01] Manaus Amazonas orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Coordenação de Pesquisas em Biodiversidade Brazil
                [05] Manaus Amazonas orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Programa de Pós-graduação em Ecologia Brazil
                [08] Boa Vista RR orgnameInstituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade Brazil
                [07] Belém PA orgnameMuseu Paraense Emilio Goeldi Brazil
                [04] Belo Horizonte MG orgnameLeme Engenharia Ltda Brazil
                [02] Manaus Amazonas orgnameInstituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia orgdiv1Programa de Conservação do Gavião-real Brazil
                [06] Goânia GO orgnameSystema Naturae Consultoria Ambiental Ltda Brazil
                [03] Goiânia GO orgnameBIOTA Projetos e Consultoria Ambiental Ltda Brazil
                Article
                S1519-69842015000500190 S1519-6984(15)07500300190
                10.1590/1519-6984.00614bm
                02ed2b54-bcb9-41e1-9912-977d9fb4e780

                This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

                History
                : 09 June 2015
                : 03 June 2014
                Page count
                Figures: 0, Tables: 0, Equations: 0, References: 41, Pages: 15
                Product

                SciELO Brazil

                Self URI: Full text available only in PDF format (EN)
                Categories
                Articles

                hydroelectric power plant,Amazon,Amazônia,Accipitridae,environmental impact,ave de rapina neotropical,neotropical raptors,impacto ambiental,hidroelétrica

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