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      Pharmacokinetics of Tobramycin Administered at the Beginning of Intermittent Hemodialysis Session (ESRD Study)

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          Abstract

          Background and Objectives:

          There is a renewed interest in the successful use of aminoglycosides due to increasing resistance in gram-negative infections. Few studies to date have examined the pharmacokinetics (PK) of intradialytic infusions of tobramycin. This study sought to characterize the pharmacokinetic profile of intradialytically administered tobramycin in infected patients receiving chronic intermittent hemodialysis and to determine whether it is possible to achieve favorable PK targets.

          Design, Setting, Participants, and Measurements:

          In this prospective pharmacokinetic study, a single dose (5 mg/kg) of tobramycin was administered intradialytically to 11 noncritically ill patients undergoing chronic intermittent hemodialysis. Blood samples were collected at selected time to determine tobramycin serum concentrations. The PK analysis was performed using Phoenix™ NLME. The efficacy exposure outcome for nonsevere gram-negative infections sensitive to tobramycin with a minimum inhibitory concentration ≤1 were maximum concentration (Cmax ≥ 10 mg/L) and area under the curve (AUC24 h > 30 mg⋅h/L). For toxicity, the goal was to identify plasma trough concentrations <2 mg/L.

          Results:

          Tobramycin disposition was best described by a one-compartment model using a total clearance composed of the systemic clearance and a transitory hemodialysis clearance. Tobramycin mean (SD) C max, trough levels, and AUC 24h were 13.1 (1.3) mg/L, 1.32 (0.47) mg/L, and 61 (23) mg⋅h/L, respectively. Monte Carlo simulation run with 1000 virtual patients showed that a 5 mg/kg dose of tobramycin administered intradialytically can outperformed the usual low-dose postdialysis dosing (80% meeting all targets versus <1%, respectively).

          Conclusions:

          A single high dose of tobramycin can achieve favorable PK outcome when administered using intradialytic infusions in hemodialysis patients. This practical dosing regimen may represent an effective and safer alternative to the usual dosing in the treatment of nonsevere gram-negative infections.

          Abrégé

          Contexte et objectifs:

          La résistance croissante des infections à Gram négatif suscite un regain d’intérêt pour l’utilisation efficace des aminoglycosides. À ce jour, peu d’études ont examiné la pharmacocinétique (PK) des infusions intradialytiques de tobramycine. La présente étude a tenté de caractériser le profil pharmacocinétique de la tobramycine administrée par infusion intradialytique chez des patients malades recevant des traitements intermittents d’hémodialyse de façon chronique. L’étude visait également à déterminer s’il est possible d’atteindre des objectifs de pharmacocinétique favorables.

          Méthodologie:

          Pour cette étude de pharmacocinétique prospective, une dose unique (5 mg/kg) de tobramycine a été administrée par infusion intradialytique à onze patients suivant des traitements d’hémodialyse intermittente de façon chronique ne nécessitant pas une admission aux soins intensifs. Des échantillons de sang ont été prélevés à des moments précis afin de mesurer les concentrations sériques de tobramycine. L’analyse de la PK a été effectuée à l’aide du Phoenix MC NLME. Les issues d’exposition d’efficacité avec une concentration minimale inhibitrice inférieure ou égale à 1 pour les infections à Gram négatifs non graves sensibles à la tobramycine étaient la concentration maximum (C max: ≥10 mg/L) et la surface sous la courbe (SSC 24h: >30 mg⋅h/L). Quant à la toxicité, l’objectif était l’observation de concentrations plasmatiques inférieures à 2 mg/L.

          Résultats:

          La disponibilité de la tobramycine a été mieux décrite par un modèle à un compartiment utilisant une clairance totale composée de la clairance systémique et de la clairance transitoire de l’hémodialyse. La C max moyenne, la concentration minimale et la SSC 24h de la tobramycine (écart-type) s’établissaient respectivement à 13,1 (1,3) mg/L, à 1,32 (0,47) mg/L et à 61 (23) mg⋅h/L. Une simulation de Monte Carlo réalisée avec 1 000 patients virtuels a montré qu’une dose unique de 5 mg/kg de tobramycine administrée par infusion intradialytique surpasse la faible dose normalement administrée après la dialyse (80 % des objectifs atteints pour la dose unique contre moins de 1 %, respectivement).

          Conclusions:

          Une dose unique élevée de tobramycine permet d’atteindre des paramètres pharmacocinétiques favorables si elle est administrée par infusion intradialytique chez les patients hémodialysés. Ce schéma posologique peut représenter une solution de remplacement efficace et plus sûre au dosage normalement administré pour le traitement des infections à Gram négatifs non graves.

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          Most cited references22

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          Prediction of blood volume in normal human adults.

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            Aspects of immune dysfunction in end-stage renal disease.

            End-stage renal disease (ESRD) is associated with significantly increased morbidity and mortality resulting from cardiovascular disease (CVD) and infections, accounting for 50% and 20%, respectively, of the total mortality in ESRD patients. It is possible that these two complications are linked to alterations in the immune system in ESRD, as uremia is associated with a state of immune dysfunction characterized by immunodepression that contributes to the high prevalence of infections among these patients, as well as by immunoactivation resulting in inflammation that may contribute to CVD. This review describes disorders of the innate and adaptive immune systems in ESRD, underlining the specific role of ESRD-associated disturbances of Toll-like receptors. Finally, based on the emerging links between the alterations of immune system, CVD, and infections in ESRD patients, it emphasizes the potential role of the immune dysfunction in ESRD as an underlying cause for the high mortality in this patient population and the need for more studies in this area.
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              Optimizing aminoglycoside therapy for nosocomial pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria.

              Nosocomial pneumonia is a notable cause of morbidity and mortality and leads to increases in lengths of hospital stays and institutional expenditures. Aminoglycosides are used to treat patients with these infections, but few data on the doses and schedules required to achieve optimal therapeutic outcomes exist. We analyzed aminoglycoside treatment data for 78 patients with nosocomial pneumonia to determine if optimization of aminoglycoside pharmacodynamic parameters results in a more rapid therapeutic response (defined by outcome and days to leukocyte count resolution and temperature resolution). Cox proportional hazards, Classification and Regression Tree (CART), and logistic regression analyses were applied to the data. By all analyses, the first measured maximum concentration of drug in serum (Cmax)/MIC predicted days to temperature resolution and the second measured Cmax/MIC predicted days to leukocyte count resolution. For days to temperature resolution and leukocyte count resolution, CART analyses produced breakpoints, with an 89% success rate at 7 days of therapy for a Cmax/MIC of > 4.7 and an 86% success rate at 7 days of therapy for a Cmax/MIC of > 4.5, respectively. Logistic regression analyses predicted a 90% probability of temperature resolution and leukocyte count resolution by day 7 if a Cmax/MIC of > or = 10 is achieved within the first 48 h of aminoglycoside therapy. Aggressive aminoglycoside dosing immediately followed by individualized pharmacokinetic monitoring would ensure that Cmax/MIC targets are achieved early in therapy. This would increase the probability of a rapid therapeutic response for pneumonia caused by gram-negative bacteria and potentially decreasing durations of parenteral antibiotic therapy, lengths of hospitalization, and institutional expenditures, a situation in which both the patient and the institution benefit.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                Can J Kidney Health Dis
                CJK
                spcjk
                Canadian Journal of Kidney Health and Disease
                SAGE Publications (Sage CA: Los Angeles, CA )
                2054-3581
                19 February 2021
                2021
                : 8
                : 2054358120987061
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
                [2 ]Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, QC, Canada
                [3 ]Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, QC, Canada
                [4 ]Centre de recherche de l’Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Montréal, QC, Canada
                [5 ]Département de pharmacologie et physiologie, Université de Montréal, QC, Canada
                Author notes
                [*]Jean-Philippe Lafrance, Service de Néphrologie, Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux de l’Est-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, 5415 boulevard de l’Assomption, Montreal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4. Email: jean-philippe.lafrance@ 123456umontreal.ca
                Author information
                https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1034-8161
                Article
                10.1177_2054358120987061
                10.1177/2054358120987061
                7897820
                03138357-e299-46a4-a148-6593c58a197b
                © The Author(s) 2021

                This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 License ( https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/) which permits non-commercial use, reproduction and distribution of the work without further permission provided the original work is attributed as specified on the SAGE and Open Access pages ( https://us.sagepub.com/en-us/nam/open-access-at-sage).

                History
                : 31 August 2020
                : 6 December 2020
                Categories
                Original Basic Research
                Custom metadata
                January-December 2021
                ts1

                infectious diseases,hemodialysis,ckd (chronic kidney disease)

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