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      Dyslexia on a continuum: A complex network approach

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          Abstract

          We investigated the efficacy of graph-theoretic metrics of task-related functional brain connectivity in predicting reading difficulty and explored the hypothesis that task conditions emphasizing audiovisual integration would be especially diagnostic of reading difficulty. An fMRI study was conducted in which 24 children (8 to 14 years old) who were previously diagnosed with dyslexia completed a rhyming judgment task under three presentation modality conditions. Regression analyses found that characteristic connectivity metrics of the reading network showed a presentation modality dependent relationship with reading difficulty: Children with more segregated reading networks and those that used fewer of the available connections were those with the least severe reading difficulty. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that a lack of coordinated processing between the neural regions involved in phonological and orthographic processing contributes towards reading difficulty.

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          Most cited references56

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          The structure and function of complex networks

          M. Newman (2003)
          Inspired by empirical studies of networked systems such as the Internet, social networks, and biological networks, researchers have in recent years developed a variety of techniques and models to help us understand or predict the behavior of these systems. Here we review developments in this field, including such concepts as the small-world effect, degree distributions, clustering, network correlations, random graph models, models of network growth and preferential attachment, and dynamical processes taking place on networks.
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            Small-world brain networks.

            Many complex networks have a small-world topology characterized by dense local clustering or cliquishness of connections between neighboring nodes yet a short path length between any (distant) pair of nodes due to the existence of relatively few long-range connections. This is an attractive model for the organization of brain anatomical and functional networks because a small-world topology can support both segregated/specialized and distributed/integrated information processing. Moreover, small-world networks are economical, tending to minimize wiring costs while supporting high dynamical complexity. The authors introduce some of the key mathematical concepts in graph theory required for small-world analysis and review how these methods have been applied to quantification of cortical connectivity matrices derived from anatomical tract-tracing studies in the macaque monkey and the cat. The evolution of small-world networks is discussed in terms of a selection pressure to deliver cost-effective information-processing systems. The authors illustrate how these techniques and concepts are increasingly being applied to the analysis of human brain functional networks derived from electroencephalography/magnetoencephalography and fMRI experiments. Finally, the authors consider the relevance of small-world models for understanding the emergence of complex behaviors and the resilience of brain systems to pathological attack by disease or aberrant development. They conclude that small-world models provide a powerful and versatile approach to understanding the structure and function of human brain systems.
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              The unique role of the visual word form area in reading.

              Reading systematically activates the left lateral occipitotemporal sulcus, at a site known as the visual word form area (VWFA). This site is reproducible across individuals/scripts, attuned to reading-specific processes, and partially selective for written strings relative to other categories such as line drawings. Lesions affecting the VWFA cause pure alexia, a selective deficit in word recognition. These findings must be reconciled with the fact that human genome evolution cannot have been influenced by such a recent and culturally variable activity as reading. Capitalizing on recent functional magnetic resonance imaging experiments, we provide strong corroborating evidence for the hypothesis that reading acquisition partially recycles a cortical territory evolved for object and face recognition, the prior properties of which influenced the form of writing systems. Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: Formal analysisRole: VisualizationRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Formal analysisRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Data curationRole: Funding acquisitionRole: InvestigationRole: MethodologyRole: Project administrationRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: ConceptualizationRole: Formal analysisRole: InvestigationRole: Project administrationRole: ResourcesRole: SoftwareRole: SupervisionRole: Writing – original draftRole: Writing – review & editing
                Role: Editor
                Journal
                PLoS One
                PLoS ONE
                plos
                plosone
                PLoS ONE
                Public Library of Science (San Francisco, CA USA )
                1932-6203
                17 December 2018
                2018
                : 13
                : 12
                : e0208923
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Department of Psychology, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
                [2 ] Department of Psychology and Human Development, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, United States of America
                University of Texas at Austin, UNITED STATES
                Author notes

                Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

                ‡ These authors also contributed equally to this work.

                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0173-1425
                Article
                PONE-D-18-18320
                10.1371/journal.pone.0208923
                6296514
                30557304
                03779a2d-c0f6-431d-b8f0-5cd7246d719d
                © 2018 Edwards et al

                This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.

                History
                : 19 June 2018
                : 26 November 2018
                Page count
                Figures: 8, Tables: 8, Pages: 25
                Funding
                Funded by: funder-id http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000071, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development;
                Award ID: HD042049
                Award Recipient :
                This research was supported by grant HD042049 to JRB from NICHD( https://www.nichd.nih.gov/). The sponsor had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, decision to publish or preparation of the manuscript.
                Categories
                Research Article
                Social Sciences
                Linguistics
                Grammar
                Phonology
                Computer and Information Sciences
                Neural Networks
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                Neuroscience
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                Anatomy
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