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      Amino-functionalized conjugated polymer electron transport layers enhance the UV-photostability of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells†

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          Abstract

          Long-term photostability and high performance were achieved by perovskite solar cells with an amino-functionalized conjugated polymer as a new electron transport layer.

          Abstract

          In this study, for the first time, we report a solution-processed amino-functionalized copolymer semiconductor (PFN-2TNDI) with a conjugated backbone composed of fluorine, naphthalene diimide, and thiophene spacers as the electron transporting layer (ETL) in n–i–p planar structured perovskite solar cells. Using this copolymer semiconductor in conjunction with a planar n–i–p heterojunction, we achieved an unprecedented efficiency of ∼16% under standard illumination test conditions. More importantly, the perovskite devices using this polymer ETL have shown good stability under constant ultra violet (UV) light soaking during 3000 h of accelerated tests. Various advanced spectroscopic characterizations, including ultra-fast spectroscopy, ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic impedance spectroscopy, elucidate that the interaction between the functional polymer ETL and the perovskite layer plays a critical role in trap passivation and thus, the device UV-photostability. We expect that these results will boost the development of low temperature solution-processed organic ETL materials, which is essential for the commercialization of high-performance and stable, flexible perovskite solar cells.

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          Organometal halide perovskites as visible-light sensitizers for photovoltaic cells.

          Akihiro Kojima, Kenjiro Teshima, Yasuo Shirai … (2009)
          Two organolead halide perovskite nanocrystals, CH(3)NH(3)PbBr(3) and CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3), were found to efficiently sensitize TiO(2) for visible-light conversion in photoelectrochemical cells. When self-assembled on mesoporous TiO(2) films, the nanocrystalline perovskites exhibit strong band-gap absorptions as semiconductors. The CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3)-based photocell with spectral sensitivity of up to 800 nm yielded a solar energy conversion efficiency of 3.8%. The CH(3)NH(3)PbBr(3)-based cell showed a high photovoltage of 0.96 V with an external quantum conversion efficiency of 65%.
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            Long-range balanced electron- and hole-transport lengths in organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3.

            G Xing, N. Mathews, S. Sun … (2013)
            Low-temperature solution-processed photovoltaics suffer from low efficiencies because of poor exciton or electron-hole diffusion lengths (typically about 10 nanometers). Recent reports of highly efficient CH3NH3PbI3-based solar cells in a broad range of configurations raise a compelling case for understanding the fundamental photophysical mechanisms in these materials. By applying femtosecond transient optical spectroscopy to bilayers that interface this perovskite with either selective-electron or selective-hole extraction materials, we have uncovered concrete evidence of balanced long-range electron-hole diffusion lengths of at least 100 nanometers in solution-processed CH3NH3PbI3. The high photoconversion efficiencies of these systems stem from the comparable optical absorption length and charge-carrier diffusion lengths, transcending the traditional constraints of solution-processed semiconductors.
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              Enhanced photoluminescence and solar cell performance via Lewis base passivation of organic-inorganic lead halide perovskites.

              Nakita K Noel, Antonio Abate, Samuel D Stranks … (2014)
              Organic-inorganic metal halide perovskites have recently emerged as a top contender to be used as an absorber material in highly efficient, low-cost photovoltaic devices. Solution-processed semiconductors tend to have a high density of defect states and exhibit a large degree of electronic disorder. Perovskites appear to go against this trend, and despite relatively little knowledge of the impact of electronic defects, certified solar-to-electrical power conversion efficiencies of up to 17.9% have been achieved. Here, through treatment of the crystal surfaces with the Lewis bases thiophene and pyridine, we demonstrate significantly reduced nonradiative electron-hole recombination within the CH(3)NH(3)PbI(3-x)Cl(x) perovskite, achieving photoluminescence lifetimes which are enhanced by nearly an order of magnitude, up to 2 μs. We propose that this is due to the electronic passivation of under-coordinated Pb atoms within the crystal. Through this method of Lewis base passivation, we achieve power conversion efficiencies for solution-processed planar heterojunction solar cells enhanced from 13% for the untreated solar cells to 15.3% and 16.5% for the thiophene and pyridine-treated solar cells, respectively.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): Chem Sci
                Journal ID (iso-abbrev): Chem Sci
                Title: Chemical Science
                Publisher: Royal Society of Chemistry
                ISSN (Print): 2041-6520
                ISSN (Electronic): 2041-6539
                Publication date (Print): 1 June 2017
                Publication date (Electronic): 19 April 2017
                Volume: 8
                Issue: 6
                Pages: 4587-4594
                Affiliations
                [a ] Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China . Email: mingkui.wang@ 123456mail.hust.edu.cn
                [b ] Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China . Email: msangusyip@ 123456scut.edu.cn ; Email: msfhuang@ 123456scut.edu.cn
                [c ] Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , China
                Author information
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8045-6926
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5750-9751
                http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9665-6642
                http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4516-2500
                Article
                Publisher ID: c7sc00077d
                DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00077d
                PMC ID: 5618109
                SO-VID: 03866e8d-6ede-4fad-a69f-4569e0cf45e3
                Copyright © This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry 2017
                License:

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/) which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                Date received : 7 January 2017
                Date accepted : 11 April 2017
                Categories
                Subject: Chemistry

                Notes

                †Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Experimental details, AFM, UPS. See DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00077d


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