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      Histopathological Osteomyelitis Evaluation Score (HOES) – an innovative approach to histopathological diagnostics and scoring of osteomyelitis Translated title: Histopathologischer Osteomyelitis-Evaluationsscore (HOES) – ein innovativer Ansatz zur histopathologischen Diagnostik und Kartierung der Osteomyelitis

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          Abstract

          Background: Treatment and diagnosis of osteomyelitis are still a challenging problem for surgeons, microbiologists and histopathologists. A direct microbiological detection of bacteria in tissues is still gold standard, but it is not always successful for example in chronic osteomyelitis and/or when an antibiotic treatment has already been started or in cases of low virulent bacteria. The goal of this study was to define diagnostic criteria of osteomyelitis, the inflammatory regression of osteomyelitis (“osteomyelitis score”) under specific therapy by the correlation of histopathological and microbiological and clinical standard tests.

          Methods: In this retrospective analysis patients with medical history and clinically clear signs of bacterial infection and osteomyelitis underwent surgery between 01.01.2013 and 31.12.2012. Their formal consent was given. Tissue samples were taken during surgery according to defined criteria including surgical interventions. Histopathological diagnosis was carried out by conventional techniques based on defined criteria of bacterial infection in connective tissue, peri-implant membrane and bone. These results were carried out in tables by numbers representing the histopathological criteria of acute osteomyelitis (A1 to A3) as well as the chronic criteria (C1 and C2) in a semiquantitative way (scale 0 to 3). On the other hand a notational, graduated histopathological report was performed.

          Preoperative clinical diagnosis, perioperative macroscopic diagnosis, histopathological and microbiological findings were correlated.

          Results: Histopathological samples of 52 surgical interventions based on the preoperative diagnosis “osteomyelitis” (AOM, ECOM or COM) were included. 37 times preoperatively signs of a chronic osteomyelitis (COM), 10 times preoperatively acute osteomyelitis (AOM) was diagnosed. Another 5 patients were preoperatively diagnosed as acute exacerbated osteomyelitis (ECOM). The correlation of the histopathological infection including the inflammatory activity and microbiological detection of bacteria was 57%. The correlation between preoperative diagnosis and histopathological findings was 68%.

          Conclusion: The relatively small 68% correlation between clinical preoperative and histopathological diagnosis and 57% correlation between preoperative clinical diagnosis and microbiological findings indicates:

          • Clinical findings are not sufficient for the diagnosis “osteomyelitis”.

          • Clinical findings are not sufficient for the differentiation between AOM, ECOM and COM.

          • Histopathological analysis is the critical factor for the diagnosis (“osteomyelitis”) and differential diagnosis (AOM vs. COM).

          • Histopathological analysis represents the basis for further treatment.

          • HOES facilitates the classification of the histopathological findings.

          • HOES is a sufficient tool for the treating physician in order to define the further treatment.

          Zusammenfassung

          Grundlegende Überlegung: Diagnose und Therapie der Osteomyelitis fordern auch heute Chirurgen, Mikrobiologen und Pathologen gleichermaßen. Der direkte mikrobiologische Nachweis des krankheitsverursachenden Erregers stellt einen „Gold Standard“ in der Diagnostik der Knocheninfektion dar. Leider gelingt der Keimnachweis nicht in allen Fällen, speziell bei chronischen Krankheitsverläufen, laufender Antibiotikatherapie oder im Falle der „low grade Infektion“. Die histopathologische Analyse ist insofern eine Condotio sine qua non. Nur anhand dieser Ergebnisse lässt sich zweifelsfrei das Vorliegen einer Osteomyelitis detektieren und eine Aussage zu ihrer Akuität machen. Ziel dieser Studie ist die Vorstellung eines standardisierten histopathologischen Scores, anhand dessen analog zum TMN-System bei Tumorerkrankungen eine valide Kartierung einer Osteomyelitis möglich ist. Weiterhin wurde die Korrelation zwischen histopathologischen Ergebnissen und der klinischen Diagnose ebenso wie dem positiven Keimnachweis überprüft.

          Methode: In einer retrospektiven Analyse wurden die histopathologischen und mikrobiologischen Befunde von Patienten mit den eindeutigen klinischen Symptomen einer Osteomyelitis untersucht. Alle in die Studie eingeschlossenen Patienten wurden zwischen dem 01.01.2013 und dem 31.12.2013 operiert. Sämtliche Gewebsproben wurden während der operativen Eingriffe gewonnen. Die histologischen Untersuchungen basierten auf den Standardtechniken für bakterielle Infektionen im Bindegewebe, periimplantär und im Knochen. Die Ergebnisse wurden erfasst:

          1. in einer tabellarischen Form durch Zahlen, welche die Ausprägung von akuten (A1 bis A3) und chronischen (C1 und C2) Osteomyelitis-Kriterien semiquantitativ (Scala 0–3) in einer getrennten Form für akute und chronische Veränderungen darstellt (Histopathologischer Osteomyelitis-Evaluationsscore),

          2. in einer schriftlichen, abgestuften Form, welche sich durch die Summation der tabellarischen Werte ergibt.

          Die präoperative und die perioperative Diagnose, das histologische Ergebnis und die Mikrobiologie wurden hinsichtlich ihrer Übereinstimmung korreliert (dabei war nicht die Keimtypisierung, sondern der Keimnachweis an sich relevant).

          Ergebnisse: 52 chirurgische Proben wurden ausgewertet. Sie alle stammten von Patienten mit der präoperativen Diagnose „Osteomyelitis“ (akute Osteomyelitis = AOM; akute Exazerbation einer chronischen Osteomyelitis = ECOM; chronische Osteomyelitis = COM). Es fanden sich: COM n=37, AOM n=10, ECOM n=5. Die Korrelation zwischen dem histopathologischen Bild inklusive der inflammatorischen Reaktion und einem positiven Erregernachweis betrug 57%. Die Korrelation zwischen der präoperativen Diagnose und der histologischen Analyse betrug 68%.

          Schlussfolgerung: Die relative geringe Übereinstimmung von präoperativer Diagnose, histopathologischem Ergebnis und der Mikrobiologie legt Folgendes nahe:

          • Die klinische Vermutung allein ist nicht ausreichend für die Diagnose „Osteomyelitis“.

          • Die klinische Vermutung allein ist nicht ausreichend zur Differenzierung zwischen AOM, ECOM und COM.

          • Die histopathologische Analyse ist das entscheidende Kriterium. Einerseits für die Diagnose „Osteomyelitis“ an sich und andererseits für deren Akuität.

          • Die histopathologische Analyse ist die Basis für die Therapie.

          • HOES ist ein brauchbares Instrument zur standardisierten Kartierung der histopathologischen Ergebnisse.

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          Diagnosis of periprosthetic infection.

          Periprosthetic infections are rare, but there is evidence to suggest that their frequency may be underestimated. No single laboratory test has perfect sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing infection. Most tests have better specificity when they are performed for patients in whom infection is suspected clinically rather than when they are used as screening tests. Screening test results that may suggest the possibility of infection include elevation of the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and/or serum C-reactive protein level more than three months after an arthroplasty. Most serologic tests are difficult to interpret when the patient has an underlying inflammatory arthropathy. Cultures of aspirated joint fluid can be especially helpful for patients who have symptoms suggestive of infection, but their results are best interpreted two weeks after administration of antibiotics has been discontinued. Joint fluid cell counts may also be helpful, but Gram stains of joint fluid have poor sensitivity and specificity. Criteria for diagnosing infection on the basis of frozen sections of implant membranes have not yet been standardized, but in many laboratories more than five neutrophils per high-power field in five or more fields (excluding surface fibrin) has been found to be suggestive of infection. Most polymerase chain reactions that detect the universal 16S rRNA bacterial gene have problems with false-positive results, but combining a universal polymerase chain reaction with subsequent bacterial sequencing can help improve specificity. Polymerase chain reactions can detect necrotic bacteria, so the clinical importance of positive results of this analysis in the absence of other features of infection remains to be determined.
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            The value of synovial biopsy, joint aspiration and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of late peri-prosthetic infection of total knee replacements.

            We analysed the serum C-reactive protein level, synovial fluid obtained by joint aspiration and five synovial biopsies from 145 knee replacements prior to revision to assess the value of these parameters in diagnosing late peri-prosthetic infection. Five further synovial biopsies were used for histological analysis. Samples were also obtained during the revision and incubated and analysed in an identical manner for 14 days. A total of 40 total knee replacements were found to be infected (prevalence 27.6%). The aspiration technique had a sensitivity of 72.5% (95% confidence interval (CI) 58.7 to 86.3), a specificity of 95.2% (95% CI 91.2 to 99.2), a positive predictive value of 85.3% (95% CI 73.4 to 100), a negative predictive value of 90.1% (95% CI 84.5 to 95.7) and an accuracy of 89%. The biopsy technique had a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 98.1% (95% CI 95.5 to 100), a positive predictive value of 95.2% (95% CI 88.8 to 100), a negative predictive value of 100% and an accuracy of 98.6%. C-reactive protein with a cut-off-point of 13.5 mg/l had a sensitivity of 72.5% (95% CI 58.7 to 86.3), a specificity of 80.9% (95% CI 73.4 to 88.4), a positive predictive value of 59.2% (95% CI 45.4 to 73.0), a negative predictive value of 88.5% (95% 81.0 to 96.0 CI) and an accuracy of 78.1%. We found that biopsy was superior to joint aspiration and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of late peri-prosthetic infection of total knee replacements.
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              Diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection.

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                Author and article information

                Journal
                GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW
                GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW
                GMS Interdiscip Plast Reconstr Surg DGPW
                GMS Interdisciplinary Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery DGPW
                German Medical Science GMS Publishing House
                2193-8091
                20 October 2014
                2014
                : 3
                : Doc08
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Clinic for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, SRH Zentralklinikum Suhl, Germany
                [2 ]Clinic for Trauma and Reconstructive Surgery, BG-Kliniken Bergmannstrost Halle, Germany
                [3 ]Medical Center for Histology, Cytology and Molecular Diagnostic, Trier, Germany
                Author notes
                *To whom correspondence should be addressed: A. Tiemann, Clinic for Orthopedic and Trauma Surgery, SRH Zentralklinikum Suhl, Albert-Schweitzer-Str. 2, 98527 Suhl, Germany, E-mail: andreas.tiemann@ 123456zs.srh.de
                Article
                iprs000049 Doc08 urn:nbn:de:0183-iprs0000490
                10.3205/iprs000049
                4582515
                26504719
                03ca66e0-7076-4475-a4fc-c1c1468062bd
                Copyright © 2014 Tiemann et al.

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License ( http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/3.0/). You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, provided the original author and source are credited.

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                Categories
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                osteomyelitis,histopathology,microbiology,hoes
                osteomyelitis, histopathology, microbiology, hoes

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