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      The influence of orthodontic fixed appliances on the oral microbiota: A systematic review

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          Abstract

          Objective

          To investigate whether there is scientific evidence to support the hypothesis that the presence of orthodontic fixed appliances influences the oral microbiota.

          Methods

          The search for articles was conducted in PubMed; ISI Web of Knowledge and Ovid databases, including articles published in English until May 17 th, 2012. They should report human observational studies presenting the following keywords: "fixed orthodontic appliance" AND "microbiological colonization"; OR "periodontal pathogens"; OR " Streptococcus"; OR " Lactobacillus"; OR " Candida"; OR " Tannerella forsythia"; OR " Treponema denticola "; OR " Fusobacterium nucleatum"; OR " Actimomyces actinomycetemcomitans"; OR " Prevotella intermedia ", OR " Prevotella nigrescens"; OR " Porphyromonas gingivalis". Articles were previously selected by title and abstract. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed and classified as having low, moderate or high methodology quality. A new detailed checklist for quality assessment was developed based on the information required for applicable data extraction for reviews. The study design, sample, follow-up period, collection and microbial analysis methods, statistical treatment, results and discussion were assessed.

          Results

          The initial search retrieved 305 articles of which 33 articles were selected by title and abstract. After full-text reading, 8 articles met the inclusion criteria, out of which 4 articles were classified as having low and 4 as moderate methodological quality. The moderate methodological quality studies were included in the systematic review.

          Conclusions

          The literature revealed moderate evidence that the presence of fixed appliances influences the quantity and quality of oral microbiota.

          Translated abstract

          Objetivo

          investigar se há evidências científicas para comprovar a hipótese de que a presença de aparelhos ortodônticos fixos influencia a microbiota bucal.

          Métodos

          a busca por artigos foi realizada nas bases de dados do PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge e Ovid, incluindo artigos publicados em inglês até 17 de maio de 2012. Esses deveriam relatar estudos observacionais humanos que apresentassem as palavras-chave: "aparelho ortodôntico fixo" e "colonização microbiológica"; ou "patógenos periodontais"; ou " Streptococcus"; ou " Lactobacillus"; ou " Candida"; ou " Tannerella forsythia"; ou " Treponema denticola "; ou " Fusobacterium nucleatum"; ou " Actimomyces actinomycetemcomitans"; ou " Prevotella intermedia "; ou " Prevotella nigrescens"; ou " Porphyromonas gingivalis". Artigos foram previamente selecionados pelo título e resumo. Artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão foram analisados e classificados como de baixa, moderada ou alta qualidade metodológica. Uma nova lista de verificação detalhada para avaliação da qualidade foi desenvolvida, com base na informação necessária para a extração de dados aplicáveis para as revisões de literatura. O desenho do estudo, a amostra, o período de acompanhamento, coleta e métodos de análise microbiana, o tratamento estatístico, resultados e discussão foram avaliados.

          Resultados

          a busca inicial encontrou 305 trabalhos. Em seguida, 33 artigos foram selecionados pelo título e resumo. Após a leitura do texto completo, apenas oito artigos preencheram os critérios de inclusão. Desses, quatro foram classificados como artigos com baixa qualidade metodológica e quatro como moderados. Os estudos de qualidade metodológica moderada foram incluídos na revisão sistemática.

          Conclusão

          a literatura revelou evidência moderada de que a presença de aparelhos fixos exerce influência na quantidade e qualidade da microbiota bucal.

          Related collections

          Most cited references77

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          Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement.

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            Changes in the subgingival microbiota and periodontal parameters before and 3 months after bracket placement.

            Dental plaque is organized in a biofilm complex that provides protection and nutrients for periodontopathic bacteria. Several factors can affect microbial colonization, including restorations and orthodontic brackets. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in subgingival microbiota and clinical parameters before and after bracket placement. Clinical parameters and subgingival microbial samples were collected from 30 patients before and after bracket placement. Thirty additional patients with no orthodontic treatment served as controls. Samples were cultured and analyzed for periodontopathic and superinfecting bacteria. A descriptive analysis was conducted, and chi-square, Student t, Wilcoxon matched, and Mann Whitney rank sum tests were used to test for differences between groups (P < or=.05). No changes in probing depth or clinical attachment level were observed, but scores for bleeding on probing, plaque index, and gingival index increased after bracket placement (P < or =.05). Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia/Prevotella nigrescens, Tannerella forsythia, and Fusobacterium species were elevated in the experimental group after bracket placement compared with the control group (P < or =.01). Superinfecting microorganisms such as Enterobacter cloacae, Klebsiella oxytoca, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Serratia marcescens were also found. Bracket placement influences the accumulation of plaque and the colonization of important periodontopathic and superinfecting bacteria, resulting in more inflammation and bleeding. Special attention should be paid to oral hygiene methods in orthodontic patients.
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              Bacterial colonization associated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study.

              This investigation was undertaken to assess bacterial plaque accumulation adjacent to orthodontic brackets. Experiments were carried out on 11 subjects who were scheduled for orthodontic treatment including extraction of two or four premolars. Metal brackets were bonded to the premolars to be extracted using macro-filled bonding composite. A conventional elastomeric ring was placed around one bracket and a steel ligature wire around the bracket on the contralateral tooth. The subjects were told to continue their normal oral hygiene regimen. Teeth were extracted at 1, 2, or 3 weeks after bracket bonding. Scanning electron microscopic (SEM) examination of brackets, excess composite, and buccal enamel revealed that mature plaque was present on excess composite at 2 and 3 weeks after bonding, whereas plaque on the gingival enamel surface was still at an early stage of development. The results demonstrate that excess composite around the bracket base is the critical site for plaque accumulation due to its rough surface and the presence of a distinct gap at the composite-enamel interface. The method of ligation does not appear to influence the bacterial morphotypes on both composite and enamel surfaces.
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                Author and article information

                Journal
                Dental Press J Orthod
                Dental Press J Orthod
                Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics
                Dental Press International
                2176-9451
                2177-6709
                Mar-Apr 2014
                Mar-Apr 2014
                : 19
                : 2
                : 46-55
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Doctorate student of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ)
                [2 ] Phd in Orthodontics, UFRJ
                [3 ] Postdoc in Orthodontics, Case Western Reserve University
                [4 ] Postdoc in Microbiology and Immunology, UFRJ
                [5 ] Phd in Social Dentistry, Fluminense Federal University (UFF)
                Author notes
                Contact address: Amanda Osório Ayres de Freitas, Rua São Francisco Xavier, 258/704 - Tijuca - Rio de Janeiro/RJ - Brazil, CEP: 20550-012 - E-mail: amandaoaf@ 123456gmail.com
                Article
                10.1590/2176-9451.19.2.046-055.oar
                4296609
                24945514
                0468a191-9411-4dab-82be-a393ee71f536
                © 2014 Dental Press Journal of Orthodontics

                This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License, which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

                History
                : 05 March 2012
                : 12 July 2012
                Categories
                Original Article

                orthodontic appliances,periodontics,attachment sites,microbiological,microbiological analysis

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