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      Play and Developmental Outcomes in Infant Siblings of Children with Autism

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          Abstract

          We observed infant siblings of children with autism later diagnosed with ASD (ASD siblings; n = 17), infant siblings of children with autism with and without other delays (Other Delays and No Delays siblings; n = 12 and n = 19, respectively) and typically developing controls (TD controls; n = 19) during a free-play task at 18 months of age. Functional, symbolic, and repeated play actions were coded. ASD siblings showed fewer functional and more non-functional repeated play behaviors than TD controls. Other Delays and No Delays siblings showed more non-functional repeated play than TD controls. Group differences disappeared with the inclusion of verbal mental age. Play as an early indicator of autism and its relationship to the broader autism phenotype is discussed.

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          Pretense and representation: The origins of "theory of mind."

          Alan Leslie (1987)
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            Epidemiological surveys of autism and other pervasive developmental disorders: an update.

            Eric Fombonne (2003)
            This paper was commissioned by the committee on the Effectiveness of Early Education in Autism of the National Research Council (NRC). It provides a review of epidemiological studies of pervasive developmental disorders (PDD) which updates a previously published article (The epidemiology of autism: a review. Psychological Medicine 1999; 29: 769-786). The design, sample characteristics of 32 surveys published between 1966 and 2001 are described. Recent surveys suggest that the rate for all forms of PDDs are around 30/10,000 but more recent surveys suggest that the estimate might be as high as 60/10,000. The rate for Asperger disorder is not well established, and a conservative figure is 2.5/10,000. Childhood disintegrative disorder is extremely rare with a pooled estimate across studies of 0.2/10,000. A detailed discussion of the possible interpretations of trends over time in prevalence rates is provided. There is evidence that changes in case definition and improved awareness explain much of the upward trend of rates in recent decades. However, available epidemiological surveys do not provide an adequate test of the hypothesis of a changing incidence of PDDs.
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              Social and communication development in toddlers with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders.

              Rebecca J Landa, Katherine Holman, Elizabeth Garrett-Mayer (2007)
              To our knowledge, no prospective studies of the developmental course of early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders from 14 months of age exist. To examine patterns of development from 14 to 24 months in children with early and later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders. Prospective, longitudinal design in which 125 infants at high and low risk for autism were tested from age 14 to 36 months. Comprehensive standardized assessments included measures of social, communication, and play behavior. Testing occurred at a major medical and research institution as part of a large, ongoing longitudinal study. Low-risk controls (n = 18) and siblings of children with autism, grouped on the basis of outcome diagnostic classification at 30 or 36 months: autism spectrum disorders (early diagnosis, n = 16; later diagnosis, n = 14), broader autism phenotype (n = 19), and non-broader autism phenotype (n = 58). Social, communication, and symbolic abilities were assessed. Social, communication, and play behavior in the early-diagnosis group differed from that in all other groups by 14 months of age. By 24 months, the later-diagnosis group differed from the non-autism spectrum disorder groups in social and communication behavior, but not from the early-diagnosis group. Examination of growth trajectories suggests that autism may involve developmental arrest, slowing, or even regression. This study provides insight into different patterns of development of children with early vs later diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                : lchriste@ucla.edu , lisachriste@gmail.com
                : hutman@ucla.edu
                : agata@gsu.edu
                : gregorys.young@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
                : sally.ozonoff@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
                : sally.rogers@ucdmc.ucdavis.edu
                : baker@psych.ucla.edu
                : msigman@ucla.edu
                Journal
                Journal ID (nlm-ta): J Autism Dev Disord
                Title: Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders
                Publisher: Springer US (Boston )
                ISSN (Print): 0162-3257
                ISSN (Electronic): 1573-3432
                Publication date (Electronic): 29 January 2010
                Publication date PMC-release: 29 January 2010
                Publication date (Print): August 2010
                Volume: 40
                Issue: 8
                Pages: 946-957
                Affiliations
                [1 ]Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1237 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563 USA
                [2 ]Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA USA
                [3 ]M.I.N.D. Institute, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA USA
                [4 ]Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA USA
                Article
                Publisher ID: 941
                DOI: 10.1007/s10803-010-0941-y
                PMC ID: 2904459
                PubMed ID: 20112084
                SO-VID: 049d5696-8580-4c7c-83c2-815d039e16ce
                Copyright © © The Author(s) 2010
                History
                Categories
                Subject: Original Paper
                Custom metadata
                issue-copyright-statement © Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2010

                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: repetitive behaviors,play,symbolic play,infant siblings of children with autism,autism spectrum disorders,functional play
                Data availability:
                ScienceOpen disciplines: Neurology
                Keywords: repetitive behaviors, play, symbolic play, infant siblings of children with autism, autism spectrum disorders, functional play

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