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      Papel de la infección por Clostridium difficile en la reactivación de la colitis ulcerosa Translated title: Role of Clostridium difficile infection in the relapse of ulcerative colitis

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          Abstract

          Aportamos el caso de una mujer de edad avanzada con historia antigua de despeños diarreicos ocasionales no estudiada, que presentó un episodio de diarrea nosocomial secundaria a infección por Clostridium difficile. Se realizó una colonoscopia y biopsia ante la respuesta incompleta al tratamiento con vancomicina, siendo diagnosticada de colitis ulcerosa activa subyacente. La incidencia con la que el C.difficile se ha relacionado como desencadenate de un brote de colitis ulcerosa, se sitúa en torno al 10%. Entre los pacientes con colitis ulcerosa es infrecuente encontrar los factores desencadenates clásicos de la infección por C. difficile: hospitalización reciente y/o uso previo de antibióticos; así como, tambien es inhabitual la visualización macroscópica de pseudomembranas. Parece existir una correlación directamente positiva entre el índice de actividad de la colitis ulcerosa y la frecuencia de la infección por C.difficile en estos pacientes. El tratamiento específico de la colitis pseudomembranosa, en la mayoría de los casos, es suficiente para controlar el brote de colitis ulcerosa, sin precisar potenciar el tratamiento de base.

          Translated abstract

          A case of nosocomial diarrhea by Clostridium difficile in an older woman with an old history of increasing stool frecuency, is reported. Colonoscopy and biopsy was performed due to an incomplete response to vancomicyn, and the diagnosis of underlyng ulcerative colitis was made. The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection associated with the relapse of ulcerative colitis is nearly 10%. In patients with ulcerative colitis, macroscopic pseudomembranes and the usual predisposing factors for Clostridium difficile infection, usually, are not present. It seems to exist a significant correlation between the severity of the relapse and Clostridium difficile. The specific treatment of the pseudomembranous colitis, in the majority of the cases, is sufficient for a correct control of relapse of ulcerative colitis.

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          Most cited references28

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          Outcome of cytomegalovirus infections in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.

          The aim of this study was to determine the outcome of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections complicating the course of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The records and clinical courses were reviewed for all IBD patients who were evaluated at the IBD Center of the Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and who developed CMV infection. Ten patients with severe, medically refractory IBD (five ulcerative colitis, three Crohn's colitis, and two indeterminate colitis) developed CMV infection. All but two were hospitalized with exacerbation of their underlying disease and were receiving immunosuppressive treatment with steroids, thiopurines, and/or cyclosporine at the time CMV infection was recognized. Eight patients had documented colonic CMV (one had concurrent upper GI tract involvement), one developed interstitial CMV and Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and one developed primary CMV mononucleosis. Prompt treatment with ganciclovir and withdrawal of immunosuppressive treatment resulted in gradual improvement and induction of remission of the underlying IBD in five patients. The patient with concomitant CMV and P. carinii pneumonitis died. In two patients, treatment with ganciclovir did not alter the clinical course of their IBD, and one of them underwent colectomy. In one patient CMV was found on the resected colonic specimen. One patient with primary CMV infection responded also to ganciclovir treatment. CMV infection may aggravate the course of seemingly refractory IBD in patients who either fail to respond or experience worsening of symptoms despite immunosuppressive therapy. Expedient evaluation, prompt treatment intervention with ganciclovir, and withdrawal of immunosuppressive treatment may avoid complications and mortality. This regimen leads to improvement of the underlying IBD in most patients.
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            Controlled trial of intravenous metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in severe ulcerative colitis.

            A prospective double blind controlled trial was undertaken to examine the role of metronidazole as an adjunct to corticosteroids in the management of severe ulcerative colitis. Thirty nine patients with severe ulcerative colitis were randomised on admission to hospital to receive either intravenous metronidazole 500 mg eight hourly (19 patients) or an identical intravenous placebo (20 patients). The two groups were similar with respect to age, sex, and the extent of colitis. In addition all patients received a standard intravenous regimen consisting of methyl prednisolone 16 mg six hourly and parenteral nutrition together with a twice daily hydrocortisone 100 mg enema. Treatment was continued for five days when the patients were formally assessed. Fourteen of 19 patients (74%) receiving metronidazole and 14/20 (70%) receiving placebo were substantially improved, or in remission at the end of five days. Five patients treated with metronidazole and six with placebo had no improvement and all proceeded to urgent colectomy with no operative mortality. There were three late deaths, one in the metronidazole and two in the placebo group. These results do not support the routine use of intravenous metronidazole in the treatment of severe ulcerative colitis.
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              Double blind controlled trial of oral vancomycin as adjunctive treatment in acute exacerbations of idiopathic colitis.

              A prospective double blind trial of vancomycin vs placebo was undertaken in 40 consecutive adult patients with exacerbation of idiopathic colitis (33 ulcerative colitis, seven Crohn's disease). Vancomycin or placebo (500 mg six hourly) was given for seven days in addition to routine medical therapy. Although there was no significant overall difference in outcome between the two groups, there was a trend towards a reduction in the need for operative intervention in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with vancomycin compared with controls. The efficacy of vancomycin was not attributable to its known action against C difficile, which was not isolated from any of the patients. The data suggest that microbiological factors may play a part in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis and that further studies using antimicrobials are desirable.
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                Author and article information

                Contributors
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Role: ND
                Journal
                ami
                Anales de Medicina Interna
                An. Med. Interna (Madrid)
                Arán Ediciones, S. L. (Madrid )
                0212-7199
                December 2002
                : 19
                : 12
                : 41-43
                Affiliations
                [1 ] Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Spain
                [2 ] Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Spain
                [3 ] Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón Spain
                Article
                S0212-71992002001200008
                10.4321/s0212-71992002001200008
                04ff0bb2-70f5-4d64-9852-72a4404476b3

                http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

                History
                Categories
                MEDICINE, GENERAL & INTERNAL

                Internal medicine
                Clostridium difficile,Ulcerative colitis relapse,Colitis ulcerosa
                Internal medicine
                Clostridium difficile, Ulcerative colitis relapse, Colitis ulcerosa

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